Unit 03: Conflict and American Independence (1754 - 1800) Flashcards

Question

# Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire Explain the British government's policy of SALUTARY NEGLECT (18th century)?

Answer 1

1. allowed American colonies to pursue an **economic and political interest** in _exchange for obedience_ 2. **governed themselves**

Answer 2

freedom of expression _not ancient rights of Englishmen_ 16th century: _phrase "**freedom of speec**h"originated_ **"right of legislators"** \> member of Parliament express views without reprisal * no outside protection: (beheaded accusing king or practicing false religion)

Answer 3

**Famous case involving freedom of the press** 1735: John Peter Zenger * German-born printer \> immigrated to New York * Newspaper: Weekly Journal * Financed by opponents of Governor William Cosby * corruption * influence pedding * "tyranny" Arrested and copies burrned * Attorney: Andrew Hamilton * Argument: **not punish publisher but governor** not found guilty demonstrated the idea of free expression

Answer 4

* originated among French thinkers \> spread Britain * apply scientific method to political and social life * crossed Atlantic with goods * emphasized reason * _Arminianism_: reason alone capable of establishing essential to religion * _Deism_: (Enlightenment Atheism): *God withdrew after creating the world \> leaving it to function according to scientific law* Things that should be abandoned: 1. miracles 2. revealed truth of the Bible 3. innate sinfulness of mantkind Who: Benjamin Franklin, Thoman Jefferson

Answer 5

18th century: revival of religious fundamentalism * response to rationalism * desire of greater religious purity Ex: _Wahhabism_: call return to early days of Islam _Methodism_: religious enthusiasm in Europe

Answer 6

18th century: **Britain emerge world's leading empire** * After wars with France and Spain * 1750s: Britain reach across the globe * warfare \> global

Answer 7

**France**: * France ceded Canada to Britain * France got (from Britain): sugar islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique **Spain**: * ceded Florida to Britain * got (from Britain): Philippines and Cuba * got (France): Louisiana Entire *_North America under British control_*

Answer 8

**Famine crisis in France** sparked French Revolution 3 decades later **Britain:** tried to gain back wealth by increasing taxes in America

Answer 9

Identity in the past: * kinship * language * geography * no well formed ideas about nation or race Warfare and atrocities towards Indians: **created pan-Indian identity** Prophets encouraged Indians to unite based on shared conflict with Anglo-Americas

Answer 10

1763: **Indians in Ohio valley and Great Lakes rebelled** Named after _Ottawa war leader_ However, rebellion more to **do with Neolin** (Delaware religious prophet) * reject European technology * free from commercial ties and dependence of alcohol * clothe like ancestors * drive away British (friendly French could remain) Neolin: believed _the pan-Indian movement_

Answer 11

1763: **Indians besieged Detroit and other forts** * killed hundreds of settlers * Indians: Ottawas and Hurons * British counterattack tribes made peace

Answer 12

1. Prohibited colonial settlements further than Appalachian Mountains 2. banned sale of Native American lands to individuals **Motivations?** * not to protect Indians * stabilize situation and avoid conflict **Results**: _Settlers mad_ * ignored proclamation * George Washington ordered agents to buy up land * **Further exacerbated relations**

Answer 13

Drafted: _Benjamin Franklin_ * envisioned creation of a Grand Council * delegated each colony * power levy taxes and deal with Indian relations Rejected assemblies \> _would be curtail for power_

Answer 14

1. Proclamation of 1763 2. promise meet Treaty of Easton

Answer 15

Increased conflict 1. _widespread smuggling_ → British saw as lack of loyalty 2. _British dealings with Indians_ → Americans angry Some historians mark 1763 as a t**urning point in colonists loyalty to British** _Americans_: * America's tie Britian: feared French and Indian alliance * France gone → no need Britian _British_: * King Goerge III thought Americans help pay for war

Answer 16

British succeed steal some of the Indian support for France Why: **promise "clear and fix boundaries" between white and Indian land** * After war: neglected keeping promise

Answer 17

British colonies: separated & **British wanted control** Seven Year's War → Allies 1. the mid-1760s: wanted them to be _subordinate_ 2. new laws → supported rulers & not colonists Taxes: fund wars Navigation Act → (until now) **Statutory neglect** British saw: colonists "cheating" the treasury

Answer 18

British people: **Parliament represent entire empire and right to legislate it** Many not have representation Theory: **VIRTUAL REPRESENTATION** * House of Commons represented the entire empire; whether or not they could vote * When **_colonies insisted on representation_** → no support from Brits

Answer 19

British combat Smuggling**: "WRITS OF ASSISTANCE"** * unlimited search warrants to look for smuggling * 1761: Boston lawyer James Otis argued it was destructive to English liberties

Answer 20

Who_: Prime Minister George Grenville_ ***Reduction of molasses into North American from the French West Indies from 6 -3 pence per gallon*** Purpose: Strengthen Navigation Act Also: new way combat smuggling * _Before_: light sentence for smugglers in colonies * _Now_: accused could be judged without a jury

Answer 21

Reaffirmed earlier ban on colonies issuing paper as "legal tender"

Answer 22

First time Parliament _directly raised taxes_ (not through trade regulations) ***All printed materials produced in colonies required a stamp purchase from authorities*** Motivation: finance operations of the empire _Effect_: Affected all colonists: (especially writers) * Directly challenged authority local elites * wanted to defend authority in the name of liberty Opposition: **First drama of the revolutionary era** infringed "English Liberties"

Answer 23

Colonial outlook: **Same rights as Britons** Name of liberty: right to govern self British outlook: **All of the empire subject to the Parliament** Surrendering taxation to colonies: dangerous president

Answer 24

Distinguish between: _(One view)_ * "**internal**" taxes → **Parliament no right impose** * Regulations through trade → Parliament right _Other View:_ * Parliament **no right to tax them at all** * not represented in House of Commons

Answer 25

Stamp Act Congress \> met in New York to endorse Virginia 1. Start Resolution: "subordination to Parliament" 2. **wanted right to consent to taxation** Merchants boycotted British goods

Answer 26

All colonies in Northern Hemisphere protested \> only half wanted independence saw liberties safer in the British colony

Answer 27

1. Liberty: * _Mock funerals for liberty_ → person revived last minutes * _Liberty tree_ → large elm tree 2. Committee to oppose Sugar and Currency Act: **Committee of Correspondence** (1760s) 3. 1765: **Sons of Liberty** lead protest processions posted notices about liberty Enforced British boycott

Answer 28

***Repealed Stamp Act*** * Rejected Americans' claim that they could levy taxes * **"Parliament power to pass laws for people in America for ever** * Needed more tax money

Answer 29

Who: Chancellor of the Exchequer → Charles Townshend Colonies: said Britain right to impose trading taxation Act: 1. tax on goods imported into directly into colonies 2. Set aside payment tax collectors (*assemblies not withhold payment)* 3. Vice-admiralty courts and several new government offices 4. suspended NY legislature (refused to comply) 5. *writs of assistance* (licenses gave British power search any place they suspected of hiding smuggled goods

Answer 30

**(1) Relying on American goods** (not British) symbol of resistance Women spun and wove at home: Daughters of Liberty **(2) Appealed to Chesapeake farmers:** increasing money to British merchants NONIMPORTATION: could reduce British luxuries without making people think you were poor **(3) Urban Artisans:** supported boycott streets filled with protests against Parliament

Answer 31

* fight British troops and citizens * 5 Bostonians dead Died: **Crispus Attucks** * Baited British officers * mixed Indian-African-white decent Trial: Commanding officer and 8 guards * defender: John Adams * 7 found not guilty * 2 convicted manslaughter

Answer 32

could reduce British luxuries without making people think you were poor collapse: 1770 1. **Merchants reduction in profit** 2. **Elite could not live without British goods** British merchants wished removal possible sources of interruption to trade: 1. Townshend repealed 2. Only tea tax remained 3. Removed troops from Boston

Answer 33

Bubble collapsed → **government bailout:** **1. market Chinese tea in North America** * enable to dump low-priced tea on American markets * undercut merchants and smugglers **2. Series of tax exemptions and rebates**

Answer 34

1. Group colonists (disguised as Indians) boarded three ships in Boston 2. Threw 300 chests of tea into the water Losses: **£10,000** (the equivalent of more than $4 million today). _Response_: * Swift and decisive * Parliament closed Boston ports till tea was paid for

Answer 35

1. Extended Canadian border to Ohio River 2. Granted **legal toleration to Roman Catholic Church in Canada** _Angered colonists:_ * questioned land claims * thought London conspiring to strengthen Catholicism

Answer 36

series of resolution urged Americans to refuse obedience to new laws + withhold taces + prepare war

Answer 37

**Coordinate resistance to Intolerable Acts** * convened Philadelphia \> leaders 12 main colonies (not Georgia) * Delegates: * George Washington * Richards Henry Lee * Partick Henry **March 1775:** Henry concluded speech urging the Virginia convention to begin military preparations

Answer 38

1. Endorced **Suffolk Resolves** 2. adopted **Continental Association** (called halt to trade Britain and West Indies) 3. authorized **local Committees of Safety** \> implement mandates take actions against "enemies of American liberties" businessmen tried profit from scarce goods

Answer 39

_Who_: British soldiers & Massachusetts citizens _Events_: **01**: April 19 \> British soldiers marched from Boston to Concord (objective: seize arms) **02**: Paul Revere and other Bostoners warned local leaders **03**: Militiamen resisted British advance **04**: **_Battle of Lexington and Concord_** * fight * 49 Americans dead & 73 British Result: Began the American War of Independence

Answer 40

1. Continental Army 2. Printed money 3. George Washington as commander

Answer 41

January 1776 _began_: attack on hereditary rule and monarchy Drew on American experience _End_: outline of the vision of the American Revolution home of freedom & **"asylum for mankind"** Unique: *not ideas* 1. **Mode of expression** 2. **Audience** previously: targeted elites Paine _wrote directly_, avoided Latin One of the _most influential pamphlets of the time_ 150,000 copies used profits to buy supplies for Continental armies _Spring 1776_: (6 months after Common Sense) Second Continental Congress decided to separate from Great Britain

Answer 42

July 02, 1776 Approved: July 04, 1776

Answer 43

Written by Thomas Jefferson (approved by Congress) What: **Grievances directed against King George III** 1. Quartering troops in colonial homes 2. Imposing taxes *Deleted by congress:* * the inhumanity of the slave trade * overturning colonial laws that sought to restrict imports of slaves Most Impactful: Preamble (especially the second paragraph) * Rights rooted in human nature → not taken away by governments * Assertion of "the right of revolution"

Answer 44

_From_: "Rights of an **Englishman**" _To_: "Right of **Mankind**" * "pursuit of happiness" * property * SELF-FULFILLMENT

Answer 45

the belief that the **US has a special mission:** [1] _refuge from tyranny_ [2] _symbol of freedom_ [3] _model rest of the world_ * central to American nationalism * place of universal freedom Why Jefferson addressed Declaration to "opinions of mankind" (not colonies or Britain) → global importance

Answer 46

1775-1783: 200,000 men **1. Local militias** * required all able-body men **2. Continental army** * inadequately equipped * volunteers

Answer 47

_American Advantages:_ * fighting own turf * inspired _British Advantages:_ *Balance of power in their favor* 1. Well-trained army 2. World's most powerful navy 3. Experienced military commanders 4. Hessian soldiers _British Disadvantages:_ 1. Large territory \> time-consuming & costly conquer 2. not a lot of support for raised taxation 3. France eager at the prospect of the British defeat

Answer 48

promised freedom to blacked who supported British

Answer 49

**Fighting in opposing armies** _Americans_: * Beginning war: George Washington not accept black recruits * Washington changed his mind: 5,000 blacks in army and militias _British_: * 1775: Lord Dunmore's proclamation **How**: 1. Drafting allowed substitute → blacks bargaining power → acquired freedom by taking owners place 2. **1778**: Rhode Island → freedom those enlisted in black regiment

Answer 50

*Made war a global affair* Americans convinced **France join the war against Britain** * Benjamin Franklin (leader Americans diplomats) * France support America → military assistance * Spain also joined America _French Role:_ Originally: _attacked British ships in West Indies_ decisive role

Answer 51

French and Americas Cornwallis surrendered army (8,000 men) Reached London: 1. Public support shattered 2. peace negotiations began

Answer 52

American delegation: *John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay* 1. Won recognition of American independence 2. Gained control entire region between Canada and Florida (east of Mississippi River) 3. Loyalists 4. not prosecuted 5. property returned

Answer 53

1. Struggle for **national independence** 2. Phase in the century-long global **battle between European empires** 3. Conflict over what _kind of nation America should be_

Answer 54

1. full implications not anticipated 2. A society dependent of obedience to authority 3. Inequality essential to public order 4. Revolution: not undo obedience to patriarchy **Challenged by Revolution**: freedom linked with idea of equality

Answer 55

Each state adopted a **new constitution** in aftermath of independence * Americas agreed that government must be **_republics_** * no king or hereditary aristocracy

Answer 56

New construction: _Create balanced governments_ * structure reflects the division of society between **wealthy** and **ordinary** men * powerful governor_: ensure neither group infringed other's liberty_ * called t_wo-house legislatures_ Followed all states except: *Pennsylvania, Georgia, Vermont* Massachusetts: *governer veto over laws passed* * Americans preferred power to rest with legislature John Adams: 1. **conservative** in internal affairs 2. **radical** on independence, freedom and equality 3. Property Qualifications? * men without property \> "no judgement of their own" * removal of property qualifications would "confound and destroy all distinctions between common levels

Answer 57

Gentry retain control of political affairs Virginia and South Carolina: **new constitutions** 1. retained _property qualifications_ 2. authorized _gentry-dominated legislature_

Answer 58

**Southern States:** Least favorable Gentry retain control of political affairs Virginia and South Carolina: _new constitutions_ 1. retained property qualifications 2. authorized gentry-dominated legislature **Pennsylvania:** 1. _no_ longer required *ownership of property* 2. taxpaying qualification Most people: (not \> paupers and servants) Restricted: those _who claimed **economically independent**_ "personal liberty" \> position more important than propert ownership

Answer 59

1. _did_ develop from **religious pluralism** 2. _not a_ well-developed theory of religious liberty Discrimination: *Catholics, Jews, and dissenting Protestants* Massachusetts: Baptists refuse pay taxes for local Congregational ministers → jails

Answer 60

War of Independence → _deep tradition of American anti-Catholicism_ [1] **Agreement with Catholic Quebec:** Second Continental Congress → invaded Canada agreed that Protestants and Catholics will cooperate [2] 1778: **US formed alliance with France (Catholics)** * victory supported the idea that Catholics had a place in society * departed from idea that Englishmen applied to only Protestants 1791: **_John Carroll of Maryland_** (First America's Roman Catholic bishop) * went to Boston * Cordial welcome

Answer 61

Leaders wanted to _deviate from religious warfare in the past_ *Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton* Views of religion: **Enlightenment idea of rationalism and skepticism** **Deists** → not believe in supernatural intervention wanted 1. separation of church and state 2. free politics of religious control 3. (including evangelical sects) wanted protect religions from corrupting government

Answer 62

1. **disestablished churches** (no longer public funding and special privileges) 2. (sometimes) **appropriated money for general support of Protestant denominations** 3. 7 states constituted → **commitment "free exercise of religion"**

Answer 63

written **Thomas Jefferson** **1779**: introduced House of Burgesses **1786** (despite controversy) adopted What: 1. eliminate religious requirements to vote 2. end government financial support for churches 3. barred state forcing religion onto people *Jefferson listed it as one of the things he wanted to be remembered for*

Answer 64

Revolution **not end the religious influence** of American society * the proliferation of religious denominations * **Established churches** (Anglican, Presbyterian, Congregationalist) _challenged_ **upstarts** (Free-Will Baptists & Universalists) today: * still debate * 1,300 religions practiced

Answer 65

Separation church and state → leaders not hostile towards religion _Religious_ & _secularism_ = Christian Republicanism Proponents: **_evangelical religion_** & **_republican government_** Beliefs: 1. absence of some kind of moral restraints 2. human nature likely succumb to corruption and vice

Answer 66

Samuel Adams: believed nation become "Christian Sparta" **Christianity & personal self-discipline underpinned both personal and national progress** Created *Committee of Correspondence* in Boston (1772)

Answer 67

Wanted to encourage "**_virtue_**" **ability sacrifice self-interest for public good** Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Rush: * Idea put plans for establishment free, state-supported school * why: instruct further citizens in "principles of freedom"

Answer 68

Slavery was **seen incompatible with republican citizenship** **1784**: Groups of New Yorkers released ship of indentured servants * name of freedom The **1800s**: Indenture disappeared Distinction geographically based on labor type: 1. _North_: "free labor" (wages or owning stuff) 2. _South_: Slavery

Answer 69

_Perspective 01:_ "equality soul of the republic" (some) belief government should **equally divide property** (_conditions_) _Perspective 02:_ "equality" = **equal opportunity** (not equal conditions)

Answer 70

Law passed Virginia: *prevent rise future aristocracy* 1. abolished **entail** (inheritance to specified line of heirs to keep estates in family) 2. abolished **primogeniture** (practice passing family's entirely to eldest son)

Answer 71

1. printed lots paper money 2. wartime distribution of agriculture and trade 3. hoarding goods (Americans hoping to profit from shortages) 1776-1779: 30 incidents mob confronted merchants → thought holding scarce goods

Answer 72

**1779**: _Inflation_ out of control Philadelphia: price 45% increase Committee of Safety: **measures to fix price** 1. reflected republican belief: _public good over self-interest_ 2. Opposition merchants & advocates free trade

Answer 73

*Against the republican idea of public good over self-interest* [1] Argument: **economic development arose from economic self-interest** [2] **Envisioned America (released from the Navigation Act) = trading freely** * "Natural liberty" regulate prices _Competing conceptions of economic freedom:_ 1. (traditional) community over property rights of the individual 2. (New) unregulated economic freedom = harmony and public gain

Answer 74

1776: Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations * the popular US * "invisible hand" direct market economy → self-regulation of the economy

Answer 75

1. (traditional) community over property rights of the individual 2. (New) unregulated economic freedom = harmony and public gain

Answer 76

Loyalists**: Retained allegiance British crown** 1. some supported revolution in 1760s → drew back at prospect of war and independence 2. 20%-25% loyalists 3. Most common: New York, Pennsylvania, (backcountry) Georgia & Carolinas **_Who_**: 1. (**dependent** on British) - lawyers, merchants, Anglican ministers 2. feared **anarchy** 3. Feared infringement on cultural autonomy Highland Scots (North Carolina) → majority take cultural autonomy Backcountry farmers (South) → disliked power of wealthy planters Slaves → hoped defeat for A = freedom

Answer 77

[1] **suppressed press thought loyalists** [2] Pennsylvania: **seized property of pacifist denominations** (not want to bear arms) [Quakers, Mennonites, Moravians] [3] (Many) states required **pledge of allegiance** Refused: 1. exile (some) 2. revoked voting rights 3. property auctions ---------------------------------------------------------- End War: **60,000** Loyalists banished/emigrated * To: Canada, West Indies, Britain **Treaty of Paris 1783:** 1. pledged to stop prosecution loyalists 2. restored their property 3. easily integrated again

Answer 78

Eastern North America: (Century) Power shift from Indians → Whites British abandoned Indian allies = American sovereignty entire east region of Mississippi

Answer 79

John Adams and Thomas Paine

Answer 80

1. Black slavery made white freedom possible 2. Owing slaves made economic autonomy possible

Answer 81

*The Selling of Joseph*: * 1700 * Who: Samuel Sewall * What: first antislavery tract Slaves saw revolution used against leaders → defined as "universal right" Most intense advocates: African-Americans * demanded leaders lived up to self-proclaimed creed

Answer 82

1770s: **First concrete step emancipation** 1. African-Americas 2. What: Arguments for liberty presented to New England's courts

Answer 83

1. 1775: **Lord Dunmore's Proclamation** 2. 1779: **Proclamation of General Henry Clinton**

Answer 84

The Southern planters would rather lose the war than their slaves; the Maryland and Virginia planters lest some of their slaves freely go.

Answer 85

Slavery not central economy

Answer 86

1. not free-living slaves 2. liberty for born slaves (after serving mother's master until adulthood)

Answer 87

Daughter poor, Massachusetts farmer Disguised self to **enlist in Continental Army** * the commandeering officer learned secret → still honorably discharged at end of war * soldier's pension

Answer 88

* participated in crowd against merchants * raised funds to assist soldiers * contributed homespun goods * Spies

Answer 89

1. coverture remained 2. Husband full authority over the household 3. Politics male realm 4. females lacked qualifications for political participation 5. no property 6. no economic individualism **Female Relation to society:** 1. Marriage contract superseded social contract 2. Relation to outside society through her husband *Republican citizen = male*

Answer 90

* result of independence * Women played an essential **role in training future citizens** * encouraged expansion of education (could give political wisdom to children)

Answer 91

**"Voluntary union held together by affection and mutual dependency (not male authority)"** reinforced by Republican Motherhood

Answer 92

1. ***Common Sense*** (Tom Paine) 2. ***Declaration of Independence*** (Thomas Jefferson) 3. ***The wealth of Nation*** (Adam Smith) 4. ***Fragment on Government*** (Jeremy Bentham)

Answer 93

Created in 1777 & Ratified in 1778

Answer 94

Objectives: 1. balance need **national coordination of War of Independence** 2. widespread fear _centralized political power_ posed a danger to liberty Declared: government ***"perpetual union"*** Structure: * Not: common government * Is: _treaty for mutual defense_ Content: * 13 states retain individual sovereignty * national government: _One-house Congress_ * each state cast a single vote * no president/judiciary committee * Major decisions require 9 states approval (not just majority)

Answer 95

Power essential to _struggle for independence_ 1. declaring war 2. foreign affairs 3. treaties with governments 4. borrow money 5. operatare army and navy 6. ban slavery in western territory 7. create new states 8. settle state disputes

Answer 96

* coin money * lack power to levy taxes Revenue: **from individual states**

Answer 97

Unanimous consent of states

Answer 98

**devised rules for settlement** According to original charters, Virginia, Carolinas, and Connecticut → claimed immense territory * Land speculators, politicians: land belongs to the country as a whole * after land-rich states ceded western claimed → Articles ratified = NATIONAL DOMAIN

Answer 99

_[1] The **first government** of the US_ _[2] **Organized western territory**:_ * gained during the **Treaty of Paris** (1783) * How: **Northwest Ordinance** (1787) _[3] **Functional government** through Revolutionary War_ _[4] Some **protection for individual rights**_ * free movement between states * mutual respect between states _[5] Allowed government to:_ 1. borrow money 2. operate army and navy 3. ban slavery in the western territory 4. create new states 5. settle state disputes

Answer 100

* gained during the **Treaty of Paris** (1783) * How: **Northwest Ordinance** (1787)

Answer 101

1. The government had no executive branch 2. Each state had one vote in legislative branch 3. No separate judicial branch 4. Not create taxes 5. Not raise the national army separate from states 6. Each state printed own currency 7. Not control interstate trade or international trade 8. New laws required support 9/13 states 9. Needed unanimous agreement of states to amend the document

Answer 102

Could pass laws \> states enforce → Congress no power to enforce state enforcement

Answer 103

[1] When law's meanings were questioned → no one fairly settles the issue [2] No court settle disputes between states or people different states

Answer 104

* Each state equal representation * Larger populations (Virginia) not think fair

Answer 105

* Taxes pay government function * Congress only request money from state legislatures

Answer 106

Needed different currencies & not have the same value States acted in own interst (not nation as a whole)

Answer 107

difficult pass laws → so many had to agree

Answer 108

Americans **demanded large surrenders of Indian land** Similar to other treaties: 1. Cherokee 2. Choctaw 3. Chickasaw tribes

Answer 109

_Perspective 01:_ Economic health country → farmers need land _Perspective 02:_ land sales = revenue

Answer 110

1. Ordinance of 1784 2. ordinance of 1785 3. Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Answer 111

_Who:_ Thomas Jefferson _What_: establish stages of self-government for West * divided into districts * Initially governed by Congress → then unions * almost prohibited slavery

Answer 112

regulated sales in "**Old Northwest"** * land sold in sections * each township → 1 section must be used for public education

Answer 113

Called eventual **establishment of 3-5 states** * north Ohio River & east Mississippi _Empire of Liberties_: * not rule new area as colonies * integrate as eventual member states * territorial expansion & self-government grow together _Effect on Indians_: **Policies towards Indians:** 1. pledge "the utmost good faith" 2. not take land without concent _Assumed Indian presence would disappear:_ * purchase * treaties * voluntary removal _Effect on Slavery_: _Prohibited_ * far-reaching consequeces * Still had slaves: * though **voluntary signed contracts"**"

Answer 114

**1. Less developed than cities in the east** * death from illness * food shortages **2. Education irregular** **3. Religion "at-home" experience** * priests and preachers only travel inland occasionally

Answer 115

reflected origins of people as populations grew → increased political conflict Conflict with American Indians

Answer 116

* borrowed large sums of money * sold interest-bearing bonds * paid soldiers and suppliers with notes to be redeemed in future Afterward: *lacked money pay debts*

Answer 117

**[1] Financing War of Independence:** * borrowed large sums of money * sold interest-bearing bonds * paid soldiers and suppliers with notes to be redeemed in future Afterward: *lacked money pay debts* **[2] Barred trading in West Indies** **[3] Imported goods flooded the market** * undercut locals * cut wages * drained money

Answer 118

_Who_: Crowd debt-ridden farmers (Massachusetts) _Leader_: **Daniel Shays** (War of Independence veteran & Massachusetts Farmer) _Motivation:_ 1. After war: farmers high property taxes 2. Not pay: government confiscated and sold thier farms *Saw: abuse of power* _What:_ 1. Violence → militia killed 4 Shays men 2. closed courts → prevent seizure land (not paid taxes) _Modeled actions after crowd activities of 1760s and 1770s:_ employed liberty trees & poles = symbols **_Response_**: No sympathy from Governor James Bowdoin **dispatched army** * Leader: _Benjamin Lincoln_ * January 1787: stopped

Answer 119

Served: the culmination of series events (1780s) Goerge Washington: * Alarm → is not responded faster to threat * National government: not capital, or power Result: **persuaded group Americans national government must be strengthened** * develop uniform economic policies * protect property ownership

Answer 120

*less relevant for proponents of national authority* "dangers of liberty" * not from government * from people selves Private liberty could be endangered by public liberty _Private liberty:_ enjoyment of property rights _Public liberty:_ unchecked power in the hand of the people

Answer 121

**View 01:** Catalyst dimantling Articles and creating Constitution **View 02:** Americans wondering whether national government should be more powerful 2 years prior

Answer 122

Men = "nation builders" thought country's future depended increased national authority _Other followers:_ Wanted stronger economic influence: * bondholders * urban artisans * merchants * those feared states infringing property rights

Answer 123

Philadelphia\*\*: **amended Articles of Confederation**\*\* * every state (except Rhode-Island) * scrapped entire thing * replaced with new Constitution

Answer 124

1. believed strengthening of national authority 2. curb "excesses of democracy"

Answer 125

1. legislature judiciary 2. executive judiciary 3. national judiciary

Answer 126

Congress raise _money without reliance on states_ States does _not_ infringe the **rights of property** Government **represent "the people"** * a wanted middle ground between the despotism of monarchy and aristocracy * balance liberty and power

Answer 127

*Arguments over the balance of federal and state power* **_Virginia Plan_** Who: James Madison What: Creation 2-house legislature → state's pop determine each **_New Jersey Plan_** *Alternative to Virginia Plan* Virginia, Massachusetts, & Penn = liked this one _What_: Called single-house congress * each state 1 vote * Compromise*: **Two-house Congress:** [1] **_Senate_** (each state 2 members) Senators: * chosen state legislature * 60-year terms [2] **_House of Representatives_** (based population) * elected 2 years (by people)

Answer 128

1. Great Compromise 2. Three-Five Compromise 3. Slave Trade Compromise 4. Commerce Compromise 5. Presidential Compromise

Answer 129

* Leaders more populous states wanted more representation * Smaller states: wanted "one vote per state policy" _Great Compromise:_ _bicameral legislature_: Senate and House of Representatives

Answer 130

_Southern States:_ * wanted slaves count as population * not for taxation _Northern States:_ opposite **3/5 of slave population counter determine each state's representation in:** 1. House of Representatives 2. Electoral votes

Answer 131

(Some) Wanted slavery end gradually * not give incentive for practice to continue * Knew without compromise Southern States not ratify **Allowed further import of slaves until 1808** *January 01, 1808: prohibited further import slaves*

Answer 132

_Southern States:_ * wanted control own trade * slaves & taxable agricultural _Northern States:_ * wanted federal control * power tax imports and exports Protect growing industries **_Commerce Compromise_** * federal control of international and interstate trade * allowing states to control intrastate trade * prevent export taxes and ban slave trade 20 years

Answer 133

Favor: **stronger state government** * president → shorter term * limit number of terms * elected state legislature Favor: **stronger central government** * direct election by voters * longer terms * no term limit **_Presidential Compromise_** Indirect election: Electoral College * 4 year term * no term limit (1951: 22nd Amendment = 2 terms)

Answer 134

House of Representatives: _chosen people_ * indicate expansion of democracy * no property/religious qualifications for voting

Answer 135

Assumed Senate = esteemed people * Supreme Court member: lifetime by president * not directly appoint federal judges/president House of Representatives - same * 65 members

Answer 136

**Elector cast votes 2 candidates for president** second place - VP _No majority:_ * the president chose top three finishers by House of Representative * Senate elect VP WHY? *Not trust ordinary people to choose president*

Answer 137

**1. Division of Power (Federalism):** ## Footnote *eparation of power between the central government and states* **_National Government:_** (Compared AoC) Constitution strengthened national gov president enforce laws Congress: 1. levy tax 2. borrow money 3. regulate commerce 4. declare war 5. deal with foreign nations 6. promote "general welfare" Prevent states from infringing property rights **_States:_** other affairs (education & law) **2. Separation of Power (Checks and Balances):** *Prevent any one branch of government to dominate the other two* Branches: _Executive_, _judicial_, _national_ * **Congress enact laws** → president veto 2/3 majority lass law over objection * _Federal judges:_ nominated president & approved Senate ensure independence - serve life * President impeached House * President removed by Senate

Answer 138

Word "slavery" not in the constitution Did contain **strong protections for slavery** * Congress not able to abolish 20 years * required states return slaves **Three-Fifths Clause:** * 3/5 of slave population counter determine each state's representation in: * House of Representatives * Electoral votes * Allowed white South → greater power in national affairs (than free population allow) first 16 elections (1788-1848): 12 Southern Slaveholders elected

Answer 139

Came Convention → _defend slavery_ Impact final document 1. **Fugitive slave clause** 2. **electoral college** 3. Insisted **strict limits on Congress power**: 4. levy taxes 5. feared raised taxes on slave property

Answer 140

**_Slave Trade Clause:_** Allowed further **import of slaves until 1808** *January 01, 1808: prohibited further import slaves* **_Fugitive Slave Clause:_** Slave laws = "**extraterritoriality**" → _condition of bondage remained even if a slave escaped to a state with abolished slave laws_ Very ambiguous: 1. not who should bring the fugitive back 2. what judicial procedure needed *Major source conflict between North and South*

Answer 141

_Who_: Hamilton, Madison, John Jay _Why_: wanted support constitution _What_: series **85 essays** * in newspapers under a pseudonym: **_Publius_** * regarded one most important documents → contributed "American thought"

Answer 142

_Who_: Madison _What_: **Constitution structured prevent abuse of power** 10 & 51: Vision of the relationship between government and society essential dilemma: * "government based will of people" * "People prone to dangerous enthusiasms" Economic development eventually increase poverty * the government can distribute wealth (taking wealth from the rich) "Extend the sphere" * large government → dominate worlds **Effect:** Result: shape understanding of new political institutions * arguing the size of the republic good * saw westwards expansion essential to freedom

Answer 143

Thoughts: **gave the national government too much power** Feared fall under sway merchants, creditors, other hostiles Thought: _Popular self-government only work in small countries_

Answer 144

* redundant * parchment barriers to abuse of authority → least effective when most needed * True in the future.... Times of _Popular Hysteria_: branches of government tried to trample freedom of expression Red Scare after WW 1 McCarthy era (1950s)

Answer 145

Prohibited Congress legislating with regards: 1. religion, 2. infringe freedom of speech or press 3. infringe right to assembly

Answer 146

The Bill of Rights is the first 10 Amendments to the Constitution. ... 1. Freedom speech, religion, assembly, petition 2. Right bear arms in order to regulate militia 3. No quatering of soldiers in private homes 4. Freedom from unreasonable search and seizure 5. Right to due process of law 6. Right of accused persons (right to speedy and public trail) 7. Right of trail by jury in civil cases 8. Freedom from excessive bail and from cruel treatment 9. Right not listed are kepy by the person 10. Powers no listed are kept by the states or persons

Answer 147

1. Right to bear arms 2. have a well-regulated militia Others: * prohibit arrest without warratns * forcing people accused of a crime to testify against self * reaffirm the right to trial by jury

Answer 148

Reflected changes brought on by Revolution Constitution: **purely secular:** * no references to God * bars religious tests for officeholders Madison wanted separate church and state even opposed appointment chaplain to Congress/militia

Answer 149

Independence: from British subjecthood → American citizens ***_Constitution does not specify who are citizens_*** **[1] _"Comity Clause_" in Constitution:** prohibited discrimination between citizens of different states (sort of) rights citizen determined by the state **[2] The constitution does specify: must to American born** The inference that citizens derive from: 1. birth 2. "naturalization" process of immigrants **[3]** (Occasionally) Federal government: **used the purchase of land to grant citizenship** Residents of territory acquired = citizenship if wanted (Not Native Americans) 1. 1803: Bought Louisiana from France 2. Mexican-American War

Answer 150

statement added to Constitution → "**birthright citizenship**" regardless of race, language, religion, national origin, legal status

Answer 151

caused: the Battle of Fallen Timbers (1791) **12 Indian tribes ceded most of Ohio and Indiana to the federal government** Established _ANNUITY SYSTEM_ yearly grants of federal money Indian tribes Result: 1. continuing influence in tribal affairs 2. outsiders considerable control over Indians

Answer 152

**First legislative definition American nationality:** * immigration → only "free white persons" * "white" excluded most people * 80 years only whites become citizens **1870**: Africans allowed **1924**: Native Americans granted citizenship **1940s**: Asians eligible

Answer 153

Objective: 1. establish the nation's financial stability 2. bring government support to the financial interest 3. encourage economic development Long-term plan: **make US global commercial and military power**

Answer 154

*5 Parts* 1. Set up a system where the nation was credit-worthy 2. old debts replace new interest-bearing bonds 3. Create: Banks of the United States 4. Tax on the production of whiskey 5. Tariffs and subsidies

Answer 155

_Part 01:_ Set up a **system where the nation was credit-worthy** 1. loan money 2. the confidence can be repaid *"Government responsible for debt from the War of Independence & debts of states"*

Answer 156

_Part 02:_ Create: **Banks of the United States** * *modeled Bank of England* Private cooperation 1. hold public funds 2. issue banknotes 3. serve as currency 4. loans to government

Answer 157

_Part 03_ old debts replace **new interest-bearing bonds** * give men of economic substance stake in new government * government stronger → more likely pay debts

Answer 158

_Part 04:_ **Tax on the production of whiskey** * generate revenue

Answer 159

_Part 05:_ 1. **Tariffs** 2. **Government subsidies** 3. encourage manufacturing 4. no longer buy things from overseas

Answer 160

Those believed nation's way forwards: chartering * Hamilton's plan: _hinged close ties with Britain_ (trading partner) Madison & Jefferson: **future westwards expansion** goal: **nation independent farmers** Greatest threat: emerging class commercial capitalists (like Hamilton) * threat freedom * National band & assumption state debts → same path Britian * Enrich wealthy rather than common folk

Answer 161

transport in-country at the time was poor cheaper **distill wheat into whiskey** → carry markets * Whiskey tax singles out unfairly

Answer 162

Strict Constructionists: *most opposition: South* **"Believed federal government only exercise specific powers listed in Constitution"** * Jefferson: _new bank unconstitutional_ \> not in constitution

Answer 163

Where: **famous dinner in 1790** Behind the scene negotiations about Hamilton's financial plan Jefferson: _the agreement which southerners accepted_ What: * agreed Hamilton's fiscal program * remove subsidies to manufacturers * Establish permanent national capital: Potomac River outline for construction: European model (parks...) construction: slaves

Answer 164

**1789**: Began * Americans supported * saw it as a _reflection of own revolution_ **1793**: Radical turn → executed Sun King * and other aristocrats * *War between France and Britian* _Jefferson_ (Anti-Federalists): the historic victory of the idea of **self-government** Enthusiasm for liberty: * poles and caps _Hamilton and Washington_ (Federalists): **anarchy**

Answer 165

Shaped American policies: * "permanent" alliance with France * The US does not want to be involved _April 1793:_ **Proclamation of Neutrality** (or Neutrality Act) British: * seized hundreds of American ships * Practice of IMPRESSMENT John Jay (chief justice) → **negotiate an agreement** → (1794) _Jay's Treaty_

Answer 166

_Who_: **John Jay** *Biggest controversy Washington's presidency* _What_: 1. Britain agreed to abandon outposts western frontier 2. NOT have to concession rights on impressment _Conflict:_ 1. saw as alignment with Britain (not France) 2. sharpened political divisions Led directly to the formation of Organized opposition parties

Answer 167

Federalists: ## Footnote *Support Washington's administration* _Wanted:_ 1. Hamilton's policies 2. close ties Britain _Who:_ * merchants * farmers * politicians (outside South) _Outlook:_ Elitist * refected 18th-century society of fixed hierarchy * office: men of economic substance _Freedom_: "not mean to stand up to the government" Only major party decree: democracy dangerous hand ordinary citizens Republicans: _Leaders:_ * James Madison * Thomas Jefferson _Who:_ * Wealthy southern planters * ordinary farmers (rest country) * *_Enthusiasm French Revolution_* → drew urban artisans _Outlook:_ Basis: **SELF-GOVERNMENT** * critical of social & economic inequality * accepting of broad democratic participation

Answer 168

**reinforce "freedom" idea of the federalists** * Backcountry Penn * farmers resisted tax on Whiskey * Washington dispatched 13,000 men *Only time president commanded armies in a field* no resistance

Answer 169

Inspiration: Jacobin clubs of Paris * supporters French revolution * * * Who: George Washington Established over 50 * republicans published meetings Federalist view: democracy out of hand * blamed starting Whiskey Rebellion * ended end of 1795

Answer 170

**1792**: _Mary Wollstonecraft_ published (in England): ***A Vindication of the Rights of Woman*** * not directly challenge traditional gender norms * greater access to education and paid employment * infer need representation in government 1794: published America

Answer 171

Wrote: ***Massachusetts Magazine*** pseudonym: "_The Gleaner"_ era's most accomplished American women

Answer 172

No explicit discrimination from involvement in the public sphere Used to pronoun "he" in constitution

Answer 173

1. **John Adams** (VP: Thomas Pickney) → Federalists: ***Winner*** 2. **Thomas Jefferson** (VP: Aaron Burr) → Republicans

Answer 174

* Crisis hit John Adams when elected * Traded weapons both France and Britain both took American ships with impunity **1797**: Negotiate alliance of 1778 in Paris French officials demanded bribes **1798**: **"Quasi-war"** on sea **1800**: Adams negotiated peace

Answer 175

Immigrants seeking residency live in US for 14 years (up from 5)

Answer 176

Deportation immigrant deemed "dangerous" by federal authorities

Answer 177

*Set expire in 1801 → Adams - hopefully -reelected* Authorized prosecution of any public assembly or publication → **criticized the government** * opposition easily jailed

Answer 178

18 people jailed under the Sedition Act * 10: "false" information * _Matthew Lyon:_ * Editor Republican newspaper: The Scourge of Aristocracy * sentence 4 months

Answer 179

Opposition to the **Sedition Act** "**Freedom of Expression**" center discussion ***_Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions_*** _Who_: Madison and Jefferson _What_: Attacked Act as an unconstitutional v**iolation of the First Amendment** * endorsed by states * The 1790s: "crisis of freedom" * "freedom of discussion" central to American liberty

Answer 180

_1800 Jefferson Campaign:_ Slogan: "Jefferson and Liberty" Won! \*Called: \*"Revolution of 1800" * Jefferson: 73 electoral votes * Adams: 65

Answer 181

How to avoid Crisis in future: _TWELFTH AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION_ electors separate votes for president and VP Why? 1. American people right partake politics 2. express opinions freely 3. contest polities government

Answer 182

Problem: 1. **Jefferson and Aaron Burr = 73 electoral votes each** 2. Decision up to the House of Representatives 3. elected 1798: Federalists slight majority 4. Grid-locked about votes _Hamilton_: * interevened * Disliked Jefferson → not believe he would dismantle the Federalist financial system * voted Jefferson **1805: Burr killed Hamilton in a dual** How did Congress try to prevent the Vice President's problem of 1801? * **TWELFTH AMENDMENT** OF THE CONSTITUTION * electors separate votes for president and VP

Answer 183

Jefferson: won 41 votes from the South Victory: **not possible without slavery** due to Three-Fifths-Clause (1787)

Answer 184

**[1]** Jefferson saw the [French Revolution](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Eight-812a1a4b2fda474ab65764fabbdf182a#35ac6a7649ba4a02b5fd90ec8f082efa) as a step to universal progress * * * **[2]** **1791**: **Slave revolution** in *Saint Domingue* * Jewel of the French overseas empire * Close southern US Leader: **Toussaint L'Ouverture** What: * forged rebellion slaves into the army * Defeated British forces Objective: * seize island * expedition hoping restore French authority **1804**: ***Haiti*** independent nation _Jefferson objective_: quarantine and destroy hemisphere's second independent republic

Answer 185

*The country left in ruins of years of warfare* Affirmed era's creed of liberty _Impact on Blacks in America_ * **inspired US slaves** * black Americans celebrated the Haitian revolution _Impact on White Americans:_ * Refugees told horror stories * reaffirmed fears of slave insurrections

Answer 186

_Leader(s):_ 1. **Gabriel** (Richmond blacksmith) 2. **Solomon** (brother & blacksmith) 3. **Martin** (slave preacher) _Plan:_ march to the city from surrounding plantations Kill/hold white inhabitants & governer James Monroe _Why_: hold hostages **wanted abolition of slavery**

Answer 187

**_Before:_** 1800: 1/2 population * 1/5 free The 1780s and 1790s: _black community emerged_ * Gabriel revolution rooted institution * Many slaves read and write * Hired themselves out to employers ***Relative autonomy** accounts for slave artisans prominent role in the conspiracy* **_After:_** Virginia legislature: **tightened control blacks** * illegal congregate on Sundays without white present * restricted possibility masters free slaves Any slave leaving after 1806: 1. leave Virginia 2. (or) sold back in slavery

Answer 188

* **Employment and Army**: * reduced government employees slashed army and navy * **Taxes**: abolished all taxes Except: * tariff * whiskey tax * Payed some national debts* * **National Authority**: 1. (As Hamilton predicted) Impossible uproots national authority entirely 2. Jefferson: distrusted unelected judiciary

Answer 189

Head Supreme Court: (\*Federalist) \***John Marshall** 1. believed national authority 2. established Court's power: **review laws of Congress and states** 3. establish *Judicial Review*: Supreme Court assumes the right to determine whether acts of Congress violates the Constitution.

Answer 190

fist important decision of SC _Eve before Adams left:_ appointed number of justices of the peace for District of Columbia * Madison: (secretary of state) * refuse issue commissions to **"midnight judges"** 4 judges (including William Marbury) **sued for offices** **_Judiciary Act of 1789:_** * allowed courts order executive officials to deliver judges commissions * The exceeded power of Congress was void Other words: * Marbury entitled to a commission* * Court no power to order Madison to give it*

Answer 191

**allowed courts order executive officials to deliver judges commissions** **The exceeded power of Congress was void** Other words: 1. Marbury entitled to a commission 2. Court no power to order Madison to give it

Answer 192

**1794**: 1. 4 land companies paid nearly every member state legislature 2. secure right to purchase land (Alabama & Mississippi) **1796**: New legislature rescinded land grants * * * * Judicial review of state laws* Result: _Constitution prohibited Georgia taking any action impaired contract → keep land_

Answer 193

*What factors played into the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 as being a "good opportunity?"* **[1]** [Rebellion in Saint Domingue](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Eight-812a1a4b2fda474ab65764fabbdf182a#e1183ac6a775416eb63b74d6526dbf3a) → defeated French forces **[2]** Use opportunity purchase Louisiana * Napolean dream American empire ruins after Haiti * agree sell for **$15 million** *How did the possession of Louisiana change from 1762 to 1803?* **1762**: ceded by France to Spain (due to Seven Years War → [Peace of Paris (1763)](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Four-c275817ebeb04defba035743e78bcb6e#af6ace5bbff84d24b3ada4e6c543815f)) **1800**: France secretly required **1803**: Jefferson Purchase *Why was Jefferson desperate to get his hands on Louisiana in 1803?* Why want: NEW ORLEANS **1795**: **[Treaty of San Lorenzo](https://www.notion.so/02-05-Washington-s-Road-Map-b2cbfee46d8941dea1ab26edd03d4fff#3e46d132ccd54e9e90431b9ba2d3dffd)** (or Pinckney's Treaty) * American and Spain * Farmers trade through here Affair: **French might interfere** *How did the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 require Jefferson to make an ideological compromise?* Abandon conviction: _federal government limited to power mentioned in Constitution_ Constitution: _said nothing about buying territory_ Argument: 1. benefits justified transgression 2. Increased agrarian character and political stability

Answer 194

Spain concerned new Treaty between the US and Britain **1795**: Meet US representatives * **Thomas Pinckney** _= **Pickney's Treaty** or **Treaty of San Lorenzo**_ * protected US rights to use the Mississippi River & New Orleans port Spain: _wanted a formal alliance_ Pinckney: stayed _true Washington's vision_ * resolved arguments & not make an alliance * revolved border concerns *US position-independent national elevated*

Answer 195

**[1] Rights of Free Blacks**: (*according to the Spanish and French laws)* nearly all the same privileges as whites **[2]** Emancipation for blacks: easy * freedom through purchase * voluntary emancipation of owners **[3]** Women co-owners of farms (Spanish and French law) * * * **[1]** Blacks steady decline in status **[2]** Adopted one of the most _sweeping slave codes in South_ * *Slaves more freedom under tyrannical Spain and freedom-loving America* **[3]** retained principle of "**community property**" under marriage

Answer 196

***_Cause_***: Barbary States: prey shipping in Mediterranean and Atlantic * tribute from countries (including the US) protect ships **1801**: 1. Jefferson refused an increase in payment 2. Pasha of Tripoli declared war on US ***_What_***: Naval conflict Ended: _US victory at Tripoli harbor_

Answer 197

**1806**: each declared blockade → deny rival trade with US **1807**: seized 6,000 US citizens * *claimed British citizens or deserters*

Answer 198

Why Jefferson participated Jefferson view: _US economic health_ 1. need freedom trade 2. no foreign nations interfere **December 1807: _Embargo Act_** Jefferson pressed congress & use American trade as a weapon "**Ban all American vessels sailing for foreign ports**" *lot of federal power for Jefferson* **1808**: US exports dropped 80% * neither F nor B took notice * devastated US economy **March 1809**: _Non-Intercourse Act_ * banned trade F and B * until either side rescinded edits against American shipping

Answer 199

**1808**: US exports dropped 80% due to the Embargo Act * neither F nor B took notice * devastated US economy **March 1809**: _Non-Intercourse Act_ 1. banned trade F and B 2. until either side rescinded edits against American shipping

Answer 200

Cause: _Embargo Act_ * failed goals * increasingly violated 1810: **Madison new policy** Congress enacted a measure known as Macon’s Bill No. 2, which allowed trade to resume but provided that if either France or Britain ceased interfering with American rights, the president could reimpose an embargo on the other.

Answer 201

_France:_ Napolean announced repeal on neutral shipping _British:_ Continued attacking **1812**: reimposed ban British

Answer 202

Tribal leaders sought the revitilize Native American life

Answer 203

* Shawnee brothers **Tecumseh**: [1] refused sign \*\*[Treaty of Greenville\*\*](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Seven-1159d6d140c245358589491886df17cd#b89573bd2db144e0829e05a0a3505d62) (**1795**) [2] Traveled Mississippi Valley Argument: alternative Indian resistance extermination **1810**: called attacks American frontier settlements * Died in the War of 1812* * * * **Tenswatawa**: religious **prophet** 1. complete separation from whites 2. revival of traditional Indian ways 3. resistance federalist policies Following: *Prophetstown* (Indiana) _Battle Tippecanoe: (Nov 1811)_ American forces destroyed Prophetstown leader: William Henry Harrison

Answer 204

**Dec 1814**: **Hartford Convention** * A Group of New English Federalists gathered * Hartford, Connecticut * voice grievances of party What: reaffirmed right of state "interpose" authority if the federal government violate Consitution Then: **Andrew Jackson** national hero * Federalists charged lacking patriotism * Few years → **dismantled**

Answer 205

1. Reports British encouraged Tecumseh's attacks 2. British assults ships continued

Answer 206

**June 1812**: Madison asked for a formal declaration of war *Was American "an independent nation" or "colonists and vassals of B"* Divided country: **[1]** _Federalists and Republicans_ (*New Jersey & northwards)* * mercantile & financial resources concentrated * **AGAINST** war **[2]** _South and West_ **FAVOR** war

Answer 207

1. US Militarily unprepared 2. disunited

Answer 208

*Greatest victory* _Where_: New Orleans _Commander_: **Andrew Jackson** 1. Fought off a British invasion 2. National Hero

Answer 209

Neither sides wanted to continue *not immediately reatch New Orleans* 1. not territory exchanged hands 2. no provisions related to impressment or neurtral shipping rights

Answer 210

Complete conquest area east Mississippi River Also: 1. Michigan 2. Indiana 3. Alabama

Answer 211

Further solidified divide: Most fighting: _Detroit & Great Lakes_ Trade: _Between Vermont and Quebec_ 1. *trade flourished during Jefferson's embargo* 2. saw American traders as spies * * * Failed attacks: **Strengthened anti-Americanism** * even among people not part of revolutionary-era loyalists * had families both sides * national sentiment both sides increased

Answer 212

**3.** that both groups were seen as naturally incapable and unfit for suffrage

Answer 213

**2.** The rate of natural increase in the slave population had more than made up for the ban on the international slave trade.

Answer 214

**3.** masked the brutality of slavery

Answer 215

**2.** headed by women more frequently than were white families

Answer 216

**1.** Stone refers to the Cult of Domesticity, arguing that it denies women their right to determine their own way in life.

Answer 217

**2.** Some American Indians cooperated with the work of those who sought to assimilate them into white society.

Answer 218

**1.** Proslavery

Answer 219

**4.** Second Great Awakening

Answer 220

**2.** The later movement drew much more on the religious conviction that slavery was an unparalleled sin and needed to be destroyed immediately.

Answer 221

**1.** was fundamentally a white society

Answer 222

**3.** They wanted to expand trade.

Answer 223

**2.** diplomatic negotiation

Answer 224

**3.** Obtaining land would protect the farming culture.

Answer 225

**1.** It applied to become a free state, but there were already slave owners living there who would be forced to leave or free their slaves.

Answer 226

**1.** Northern and Southern politicians disagreed as to whether Congress had the authority to determine whether slavery would be allowed in new areas open to settlement.

Answer 227

**2.** Settlers who moved near border areas and were disgruntled with conditions sometimes declared independence with the intention of joining the United States.

Answer 228

**4.** Florida had become a refuge for runaway slaves and American Indians. These groups were raiding white settlements near the border with Georgia.

Answer 229

**1.** The United States was concerned about renewed European colonization efforts in the wake of Latin American independence movements.

Answer 230

**3.** Representation in Congress

Answer 231

**2.** He saw it as a threat to the nation's future.

Answer 232

**3.** Indian Removal Act

Answer 233

**3.** The Cherokee attempted to assimilate and use American legal channels to resolve the conflicts with white settlers.

Answer 234

**2.** Florida

Answer 235

**3.** It was on land that had already been set aside as protected for them, and white speculators were illegally entering the land.

Answer 236

**1.** Indian Removal Act

Answer 237

**2.** *Worcester v. Georgia*

Answer 238

**4.** Treaty of Payne's Landing

Answer 239

**4.** The removal of the Cherokee despite their adaption to white culture

Answer 240

**3.** They violently refused to honor removal treaties.

Answer 241

**2.** The events of the enforced resettlement led to disease and even death for some.

Answer 242

**2.** The Supreme Court asserted the power of judicial review.

Answer 243

**3.** Americans united across party lines to declare war on Great Britain in the War of 1812

Answer 244

**3.** It stopped all American vessels from sailing to foreign ports—an amazing use of federal power, especially by a president supposedly dedicated to a weak central government.

Answer 245

**1.** Passage of the Missouri Compromise

Answer 246

**2.** They stressed liberation from external restraints, like slavery, and internal servitude, such as drinking alcohol.

Answer 247

**2.** The improvement of transportation and availability of goods

Answer 248

**1.** The dependence of the North on Southern cotton to support its growing industry.

Answer 249

**1.** Women should embody the notions of virtue in fulfilling their duties to the family.

Answer 250

**2.** Transcendentalism

Answer 251

**3.** A rise in nativist beliefs

Answer 252

**4.** The growing tendency of Southern slaveholders to use the paternal ethos to justify slavery

Answer 253

**2.** His work in designing steamboats made upstream commerce possible.

Answer 254

**2.** Removing seeds from the cotton was a slow and painstaking task, but Whitney made it much easier and less labor-intensive.

Answer 255

**1.** economic greed and religious hypocrisy

Answer 256

**3.** Convention of 1818

Answer 257

**1.** The withdrawal of Spain and Portugal from South America

Answer 258

**3.** New England merchants

Answer 259

**2.** recognize the tribes as separate nations

Answer 260

**2.** The creation of the state of Maine

Answer 261

2. Admitted states to the union in pairs, one slave and one free

Answer 262

* tax specifically aimed raising revenue * Broad-based tax → all legal documents and licenses * affected almost everyone * Tax on goods produced within colonies Reaction: 1. James Otis pamphlet: *The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved* 2. Virginia Stamp Act Resolves 3. Sons of Liberty

Answer 263

*stationed large numbers of troops in American and colonists responsible for costs*