Unit 08: 1945 - 1980 Flashcards

Question

# Chapter 22: World War II What were the 4 freedoms of American ideology?

Answer 1

1. freedom of speech 2. freedom of worship 3. freedom from want 4. freedom from fear

Answer 2

**Free enterprise**

Answer 3

Mobilization of "womanpower" to fill industrial jobs vacated by men

Answer 4

* government, businesses, and unions: **depicted work temporar necessity, not an expansion of women's freedom** * men wanted to return to American and continue traditional life

Answer 5

* effort mobilize American poeple for coming war and postwar era * American embrace role as "dominant power in world"

Answer 6

Saw as a call for American imperialism * Henry Wallace response "*The Price of Free World Victory*" * war would usher in "century of common man" * humanize capitalism

Answer 7

National Resource Planning Board: (NRPB) *blueprint peacetime economy based on full employment* 1. expanded welfare state 2. widely shared American standard of living **"new bill of rights"**

Answer 8

* _Original Bill of Rights_: restricted power of government name of liberty * _Plan_: expand its poer in order secure full employment, medical care, education, decent housing ## Footnote *Not exacted by Congress*

Answer 9

* *most farthest-reaching pieces of social legislation in American history* * aim rewards service members & prevent unemployment

Answer 10

*Best-intentioned government effects direct economyst posed threat of individual liberty* * free market mobilizes fragmented and partial knowledge scattered through society * lay foundation rise of **modern conservatism** and revival of **laissez-faire economic** though * virtues of war: reinvigorate belief in virtues of capitalism * Nazism highlighted danger merging economic and politcal power

Answer 11

1. Four Freedoms 2. principle of American pluralism * idea of toleration and diversity

Answer 12

* melting pot * especially European immigratns Americans move out of ethnic neighborhoods and isolated rural enclaves - contact people different backgrounds * appauled racism of Nazis

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* governemnt circles still excluded Jews * unwilling allow too many Jewish refugees during the war * Roosevelt knew about the Holocaust → failed authorize air strike might have destroyed German death camps

Answer 14

Thousands contract laborers from Mexico corssed US to work * _why_: temporary response wartime labor storage * _effects_: * reinforced stereotype of Mexicans as unskilled laborers * new opportunities second-generation Mexican-Americans

Answer 15

* sailors and policement attacked Mexican-Americans youthers wearing flamboyant cloting * illustrated limit of wartime toleration

Answer 16

1. served in Army 2. **transmitted codes** in complex native language (Japanese not decipher) 3. Iroquois insisted American government not legally allowed draft Indains: own **declaration of war** 4. **left reservations** to work * exposed industrial society: not return * took advantage of GI Bill attend college

Answer 17

* Some fought in war * Japanese saw it as a racial war

Answer 18

Bent over backwards to include

Answer 19

_why:_ * fear Japanese invation * pressured whites saw opportunity gain possession their proporty _what_: * *relation of all persons of Japanese decent from West Coast*

Answer 20

* quasi-military discipline in camps * bad living conditions *Illustrated how easily war can undermine basic freedoms* * no court heearings * not writes of habeas corpus

Answer 21

Found Executive Order 9066 constitutional

Answer 22

* American practiced own race policies * similar (somewhat) to Nazi race theory

Answer 23

Movement blacks from rural South to cities in North and West * seek jobs in industry * in army

Answer 24

_Begining WW2_: no blacks in army _During War_: 1 million blacks * segregated units * confined contruction, transport, other noncombat tasks

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* sough benefits of GI Bill * surface: no discrimination * local authorities: authorized southern blacks use its education benefits at segregated colleges * limit job training to unskilled work * restricting loans for farm purchase

Answer 26

* angered exclusion blacks called **_March on Washington_** **(1941)** * demanded included access to defense employment * end segregation * national antilynching law

Answer 27

**Executive Order 8802** * banned discrimination in defense jobs * established Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)

Answer 28

**Victory** over Germany and Japan must be accompanies by **victory** over segregation at home

Answer 29

Brith of modern Civil Rights Movement

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* uncompromising portrail how deeply racism entrenched in America * concluded: need redefine Negro's status

Answer 31

* Hitler shoot self * Soviets occupied Berlin

Answer 32

Roosevelt died stroke → successor

Answer 33

FDR authorized **Manhattan Project** (Secret program which American scientists developed atomic bomb)

Answer 34

06 August: Atomic bomb on **Hiroshima** (Japan) * _why_: only city not suffer damage yet * _result_: * 70,000 died immediately * radiation: more dead (140,000) 09 August: Atomic Bomb **Nagasaki** * 70,000 died

Answer 35

Soviet Union declared War Japan; Japan surrendered

Answer 36

* dehumanized Japanese

Answer 37

* "Big Three" conferences * Potsdam Conference: military administration Germany and place Nazi leaders on trail for war crimes

Answer 38

* Churchill & Roosevelt: mild protest against Soviet plans retain control Baltic states * resulted in conflict

Answer 39

* created two **American-dominated finanical institutions** * money develop countries and rebuild Europe * International Monetary Fund: Prevent governments devaluing currencies to gain advantage in international trade

Answer 40

Successor to League of Nations _What_: * General Assembly (forum for maintaining world peace) * Security Council (maintain world peace)

Answer 41

* Germany & Japan: **utterly defeated** * Britain and France: **somewhat weakened** * US and USSR: **significant influence in regions** * US: most dominant * Soviety union occupation Eastern Europe = Cold War

Answer 42

Four Freedoms: intended highligh difference between Anglo-American ideals and Nazism * unanticipated consequences: * lay foundation postwar ideals of human rights * resulted in disputes over the hypocracy regarding the colonies

Answer 43

**2.** High unemployment rates

Answer 44

**3.** Some people expressed concern at the state of the economy, but most believed in prosperity

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**1.** Reopen banks and convince people to redeposit their cash

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**4.** They were angered that he seemed unwilling to use his position to provide direct relief to people

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**2.** Created the Reconstruction Finance Corporation

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**3.** The economic decline was deeper than had been seen before and beyond saving by the few with means

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**3.** That the economic decline was global, and not just a domestic issue

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**1.** Uneven distribution of income

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**4.** That there needed to be regulation of the banking industry

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**3.** The stock market crash of 1929 was a symptom of a failing economy

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* **Relief**—immediate help to slow or stop economic decline * **Recovery**—temporary programs to jumpstart consumer demand, also known as “pump-priming” * **Reform**—permanent programs to protect people and the economy in the long run

Answer 54

**European Theater:** * Ground troops played the biggest role. Army air force bombers attacked positions the way battleships did for sea-based attacks. * Many battles were fought in extreme cold, where soldiers suffered from freezing temperatures and trench foot. * Battles were fought mostly on land over the large land masses of Europe, Asia, and Africa. * U.S. leaders determined that resources should be focused on defeating Germany and the Axis Powers in Europe when the nation first joined the war. **Pacific Theater:** * Battles were fought in tropical island locations and at sea; soldiers often died from malaria and other tropical illnesses. * Resources were limited after the attack at Pearl Harbor in December 1941. * Battles were fought mostly in the air and at sea; there was some ground combat on small islands as U.S. forces used a strategy nicknamed "island hopping" to capture territory. * The Navy played the biggest role, with Marines fighting a ground war on islands. Some captured islands were used as airfields as Allied forces advanced.

Answer 55

The Battle of the Coral Sea provided the first opportunity for the US Navy to challenge the Japanese Navy with roughly equivalent forces. In the interwar period the US Navy had trained for long range strikes by carrier-based aircraft and this battle was the proving ground for this capability

Answer 56

1. half of the world's manufacturing capacity 2. possessed the atomic bomb Soviet Union rival (occupied eastern europe)

Answer 57

* writen by American diplomat Goerge Kennan * Warned Truman administration Soviets not be dealt with as a normal government * communist ideology - want to expand power * only US able to stop them _Result_: foundation for the **policy of "containment"** * US committed itself to prevent any further expansion of Soviet power

Answer 58

US committed itself to prevent any further expansion of Soviet power

Answer 59

* Churchill declared "iron curtain" descended across Europe

Answer 60

*Embrace the Cold War as the foundation for American foreign policy and describe it as a worldwide struggle over the future of freedom*

Answer 61

* both claimed to be promoting freedom and social justice & defense of own country * each offered its social system as a model that the rest of the world should follow

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"Defense of Freedom" * US shoulder responsibility of supporting freedom * repel communism

Answer 63

* began a period of anticommunist regimes throughout the world & military alliances against the USSR

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1. US contribute billions of dollars to finance economic recovery 2. Much of the continent lay in ruins: _food shortages_ and _inflation_ * strenghtened communist parties in France and Italy * feared fall into societ hands

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*US program for reconstruction of post WW2 Europe through massive aid to allies* * prooved one of the most successful foreign aid program * western Europe's production exceeded prewar levels * region poised to follow the US down the road to a mass-consumption society * solidified the division of continent

Answer 66

*Proposed to stimulate freer trade among participants & enormous market for Americans goods and investment*

Answer 67

* _Until 1948_: General Douglas MacArthur "Supreme commander" * _1948_: democratic constitution * women right to vote * Japan renource forever the policy of war and aggression & only a modest self-defense force

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* Initially: US proposed dissolve Japan's giant industrial corporations * abandoned * rather rebuild Japan's industrial base as a bastion of anticommmunist strength * New technologoes & low spending on military: **full recovery**

Answer 69

* Divide inbetween * Berlin (capital) in Soviet Zone * 1948: Allies new currency in zone * Soviets cut off road and rail traffic from Allied zones

Answer 70

**11-month airlift followed** * Western planes flew fuel and food to their zones in city * Result: East and West Germany

Answer 71

* pledge multual defense agianst any future Soviet attack * first long term limitary alliance between US and Europe

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* Soviets formalized own eastern European alliance * (Eastern NATO)

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* Communist led by **Mao Zedong** → overtook Chinese government * USA not recognise People's Republic of China

Answer 74

_Causes_: 1. Soviet nuclear weapon 2. Communist China _What_: called permanent military buildup to endable US to pursue a global crusdade agianst communism

Answer 75

* Divided: * Communist North Korea * Anticommunist South Korea *

Answer 76

_June 1950_: North Korea invaded south (wanted to reunify) * Truman response: repeled invasion _1953_: armistice agreed → restore prewar status quo [36th Parallel] * never been a formal peace treaty of end the Korean War

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* jailed or murdered millions of Soviet citizens * One-party rule * state control of arts and intellectual life * government-controlled economy

Answer 78

* US intervention continuously in affairs of nations whose political problems did not arise from Moscow * Not understook in terms of the battle between freedom and slavery

Answer 79

* Liberal and Democrats and blacks leaders urged Truman administration to take lead in promoting **decolonization** * Free World worthy of name not include colonies * As Cold War progressed → declined

Answer 80

*Totalitarianism* (aggressive, ideologically driven state sough subdue all civil society)

Answer 81

* Whatever Moscow stood for was the definition the opposite of freedom

Answer 82

1. the Four Freedoms 2. Atrocities committed during WW2

Answer 83

* drafted Eleanor Roosevelt * Broad range of rights enjoyed by people everywhere * speech, religion protectoin against arbitrary government * no enforcement mechanism * seen as an "empty rhetoric"

Answer 84

* Solders returned home → wanted employment → 2 million women lost their jobs * Many soldiers took advantage of the GI Bill of Rights * Abolished wartime agencies (regulate production, labor, and price controls) * sharp rise in prices

Answer 85

**Fair Deal** (September 1945) * focus societal improvement * raised standard of living ordinary Americans * increase minimum wage * enact program of national health insurance * expand public housing & Social Security

Answer 86

AFL and CIO launched the **Operation Dixie** * *campaign bring unionization to South* * *shatter hold of anti-labor conservatives in region's politics* * Inflation caused reduction in real income: _sparked largest strike wave in American history_

Answer 87

* Alarmed: **labor turmoil** * Hence, Operation Dixie failed to unionize South * Result, ensured conservative coalition of Republicans and soutern Dems * dominate Congress

Answer 88

* *alternative for Truman's Fair Deal* * *president tried to veto* **Enacted tax cuts for wealthy Americans** * authorized president suspend strikes by ordering 8-day "cooling off" period * banned _sympathy strikers_ and _secondary boycotts_ * union workers swear not communist

Answer 89

*Truman reached out in unprecedented ways to nation's blacks* **Status of blacks enjoyed prominence in nations affairs unmatched since** * 11 states established fair employed practices * laws against discrimination in access to jobs & accommodation * 1952: no lynchings took place in the year

Answer 90

* one of the most devastating indictment every published of racial inequality in America * called federal government assume responsibility for abolishing segregation

Answer 91

What: 1. permanent federal civil rights commission 2. national laws against lynching and poll tax 3. action ensure equal acesss to employment and education Response: * Congress approved none of the proposabls * (1948) executive order desegregate armed forces * election campaign most progessive party's history

Answer 92

Lower South delegates walked out of the 1948 Democratic national convention in protest of the party's support for civil rights legislation and late formed the Dixiecrats

Answer 93

* military-industrial established = permanent (not temporary) * National security stated reason for government project: * aid higher education * building new national highway system * fuel economic growth & support scientific research = improved weaponry

Answer 94

* *refugees from communism allowed enter (regardless ethnicity)* * right to dissent came under attack

Answer 95

Catalyst reconsidering American identity Paradoxical outcomes: * many Americans expressed devotion to civil liberties while also favoring depriving communists and other nonconformists of their jobs or even citizenship * Accusations of commmunist activity: individual abandoned American identity * targeted gays, Jews, immigrants

Answer 96

*Immigration legislation passed in 1952 allowed government deport immigrations who been identified as communists (regardless of citizenship).*

Answer 97

* 1954: **Operation Wetback** * employed military invade Mexican-American neighborhoods and round up and deport undocumented aliens

Answer 98

*Post-War Red Score focused fear of Communists in US* * dividing world between liberty and slavery = communists enemy of freedom * Senator Joseph R. McCarthy

Answer 99

*Required government employees demonstraet patriotism without being allowed to confront accusers* * targetted gays and lesbians worked in the government * not manly enough resist soviet temptation * Failed uncover any casese of espoinage

Answer 100

(1947) *Launched a series of hearings about communist influences in Hollywood*

Answer 101

*Most sensational trails* * working class Jewish-communist couple * convicted conspiracy to pass secrets concerning atomic bomb

Answer 102

* claimed list 205 communists - never revealed * hearings against numerous people as well as the Defense Department * Downfall: * claim that the army harbored communists * revealed McCarthy as a bully

Answer 103

a shorthand for character assassination, guilt by association, and abuse of power in the name of anticommunism.

Answer 104

*States created own committees (modeled on HUAC) investigate suspected communists and other dissenters* * required loyalty oaths of teachers, pharmacists, others * banned communists from having fishing, driver license * sometimes lost their loves

Answer 105

1. Truman loyalty program (1947) 2. vetoed McCarran Internal Security Act of 1950 3. excluded self-employed and domestic workers to Social Security 4. Organized labor emerged major supporter of foreign policy in Cold War

Answer 106

* Transformation: *most felt they had no choice but go along with government* * NAACP purged community from local branches * embranced language of the Cold War

Answer 107

"Golden Age" of Capitalism * period of economic expansion, stable prices, low unemployment, rising standards of living * GDP doubled * lessened economic inequality * why: tax policy: wealthier paid more * ended in **1973**

Answer 108

* fueled US indusrial production * Promote redistribution of nation's population and economic resources

Answer 109

* last **decade of industrial age in US** * Since then: * shift to services, education, information, finance, entertainment * employment in manufacturing has declined * More unionization * more white-collar than blue-collar workers * transformed souther life

Answer 110

* new machinery \> less labor needed * massive migration out of the region * result: increase in production and supply of fruit * essential part of American diet *

Answer 111

*Residential construction and consumer spending* * why: * post-war baby boom * shift of population from cities to suburbs * Result: demand consumer goods

Answer 112

*Low-cost, mass-produced developments of suburban tract housing* * rose during the 1950s * first: William and Alfred Levitt

Answer 113

1. Levittowns 2. Automobiles 3. Highway system

Answer 114

* construction of motels, theaters roadside eating places * made long-distance travel more accessable

Answer 115

* migrants from whole country * climate appealing * Federal Spending (infrustructure) * rapid expansion oil production

Answer 116

* 30 million moved in * Life centered around the car

Answer 117

* 9/10 Americans owned a tellie * Replaced newspapers as the most common source of information * changed eating habits

Answer 118

* Modern women: * part-time to help support family * not to lift family out of poverty of self-fulfillment

Answer 119

* man: breadwinner * Woman: marriage most important goal * Result: 1. married younger 2. divorced less 3. more children * Other factors: * feminism disappeared American life

Answer 120

*Markably higher birthrate in the years following WW2*

Answer 121

*Racial uniformity* * government financed housing segregation * banks and private developers barred non-whites * government refused substitute morgages

Answer 122

*Series of policies supported by all levels of governemnt allowed local governments to demolish so-called blighted areas in urban centers to replace with more valuable real estate* * demolished poor neighborhoods * non-whites not afford new houses: found **housing run-down cities**

Answer 123

* different races lived different sectors * **Self-reinforcing** * non-whites concentrated manual labor * *employment discrimination and exclusion from education opportunities* * non-whites trapped urban ghettos

Answer 124

American values: **nation's religiosity as opposed to "godless" communists** * majority of Americans religious * Congress addd "Under God" to the Pledge of Allegiance * 1957: "In God We Trust" added paper money

Answer 125

*Focus on consumer capitalism or "Free Enterprise"* * economic system resting on private ownership united nations of the Free World * "Free enterprise" opposed to reality * few large corporations dominated key sectors * brought up questions about the nature of American freedom

Answer 126

# * **Libertarian conservatives** * Revive: *idea of freedom from liberals* * define conservatism through the next half-century * appealed conservative entrepreneurs _What_: * opposed strong national government * freedom - individual autonoy * unregulated capitalism

Answer 127

* conviction: Free World arm selves morallly and intellectually * battle against communism * West: suffering moral decay & should return to Christian traditions _What:_ 1. freedom: moral condition 2. lead virtuous lives or governmental action to force them

Answer 128

*presist into 21st century* * Unretrained individual choice and moral virtue: opposing * united by fear of communism

Answer 129

*Allow candidates to brings carefully crafted images directly to Americans*

Answer 130

* Very popular: alongside public's weariness with Korean War * wanted end conflict * 1950s: wanted elderly leaders to govern them

Answer 131

* Wealthy businessmen dominated Eisenhower's cabinet * Champoin of business community and fiscal policy * scaled back government spending (including military budget) * Right-wing republicans wanted end New Deal: * not able to abolish Social Security

Answer 132

"Modern Republicanism" * serve party's identification in minds of Americans * New Deal programs expanded

Answer 133

* largest in American History: **Interstate highway system** * Motivation: * Cold War arguments * also supported oil companies, suburban builders

Answer 134

* Soviets launched *Sputnik* * Act: response *First time, offered direct federal funding to higher education*

Answer 135

* Not dismantle New Deal: legitimized it * by accepting basic premise: no longer depend on Democratic control of the presidency

Answer 136

* between labor and management * Unions signed long-term agreements that left decisions regarding capital investment, plant location, and output in management's hands*

Answer 137

* Social contract no apply to majority of workers: benefits to those who labored in nonunion jobs * use political powwer to increase minimum wage * majority of workers did not enjoy any close to wages, benefits, and job secutrity of unionized workers

Answer 138

* US first hydrogen bomb * matched by soviets * Both sides developed long-range bombers capable delivering weapons

Answer 139

***Massive Retaliation***: ## Footnote *any Soviet attack on an American ally would be countered by nuclear assault on the USSR*

Answer 140

* Massive Retaliation: risk any small conflicct result in both destruction of US and USSR * all out war result: *"mutual assured destruction"* (MAD) * made both powers very cautious in direct dealings with eacho other * built bomb shelters

Answer 141

*Developing countries neither aligned with the two Cold War powers*

Answer 142

* 1947: Indian and Pakistan gained independence * 10 years later: most British colonies free

Answer 143

The policy of containment easily slid over into opposition to any government, whether communist or not, that seemed to threaten American strategic or economic interests

Answer 144

* Expulsion of Japanese in 1945 * Military effort from France preserve France's Asian emprie against Ho Chi Minh's national forces

Answer 145

* Anticommunism * Eisenhower funneled billions of dollars aid French * declined send American troops after French defeat in 1954 * **Geneva Accords** (1954) * Southern distric leader urdged US involve themselves (scared communists win election) *

Answer 146

* Divided Vietnam temporarily into northern and southern districtions* * election shedules for 1956 for unifaction

Answer 147

* produced loneliness and anxiety * people yearn for stability and authority (not freedom)

Answer 148

* teenages large part of population (due to baby boom) * activities more sexually provocative * Elvis Presley: openly sexual performance style

Answer 149

* South 1950s: heavily segregated and unequal * chruches organized powerful militant, nonviolent assult on segregation * language of freeom prevaded * resonated civil rights leaders

Answer 150

Jim Crow laws were state and local statutes that legalized racial segregation. Enacted after the Civil War, the laws denied equal opportunity to blacks

Answer 151

* US: segregated, unequal * **South**: Jim Crow laws abounded * nation's black families: poverty * **North and West**: no law requiring segregation, but custom barred blacks from college, housing, restaurants

Answer 152

*Required racial segregation of public school*

Answer 153

* counterpart of NAACP * challenged restrictive housing, employment discrimination, and segregation in schoools * won ***Mendez v. Westminster***

Answer 154

* Federal court ordered schoools of Orange Country to desegregate * Response: state legislature repealed all school laws requiring racial segregation

Answer 155

* gain admission white institution unaviable to blacks (where no such organizations existsed) * challenged ***Plessy v. Ferguson*** ("Seperate but equal")

Answer 156

*Struch down racial segregation in public education declaring "separate but equal" unconstitutional* * case attacked unequal funding (rather than system itself) * Thurgoood Marshall → attack "separate but equal" doctrine * inherently unequal * Justice Warren manage create unanimity on dividing Court * others agreed: feared violence

Answer 157

* marked by *Brown* case * active agent in social change * inspired wage of optimism that discrimination lessen

Answer 158

* not the cause (started during WW2) * decision ensured movement resumed after waning in 1950s * it would be backed up by federal courts * mass action against Jim Crow laws

Answer 159

* 1955: refused surrended her seat on the city bus to a white rider (required by law) * arrested * symbol ordinary black's determination to resist daily injustice * Result: sparked youlong **Montgomery bus Boycott** * beginning mass phase of civil rights movments in South * hundreds blacks gathered local church and vowed refuse ride bus until accorded equal treatment * triumphant

Answer 160

* launched movement racial justice (nonviolent crusade based in black churches in the South) * support northern liberals and focused unprecedented international attention * marked emergence of Martin Luther King

Answer 161

* powerful orator (such as "I Have a Dream" speech) * case for blacks in vocabulary merged blacks experience with the nation * philosophy of struggle * formed *Southern Christian Leadership Conference* * black ministers and civil rights activists

Answer 162

* retaliation to *Brown* hearing → whites refuse to accept **Denounced *Brown* decision as a "clear abuse of judicial power" and calling for resistance** * states signed laws to prevent desegregation

Answer 163

* tried to remain aloof * Eisenhower failed provide moral leadership * called Americans abide by law, but also that he disliked the whole civil rights issue distasteful

Answer 164

worried about the impact of segregation on the country’s international reputation * foreign nations paid attention of unfolding American civil rights movement * positive reaction to *Brown*

Answer 165

John F. Kennedy

Answer 166

* with sit-ins * Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Answer 167

* Ella Baker in 1960 * dedicated to replace culture of segregation with a "beloved community" of racial justice and empower blacks

Answer 168

*Bus journeys challenging racial segregation in South* * integrated travelling group * voilent mobs assualted them * results: Commerse Commission desegregated busses

Answer 169

*Demonstration took place in towns and cities across South* Culmination: Birmingham, Alabama → citadel of segregation * lots of violence against blacks * King arrives * wrote "Letter from Birmingham Jail" → related litany of abuses by blacks * sent schoolchildren into the streets of Birmingham * children assulted nighsticks, hoses, attacking dogs * broadcasted on telelvision * Kennedy saw → endorced movements goals * Businessmen (fearing city become international symbol brutality) desegreated somewhat

Answer 170

*Civil rights demonstration where King gave his "I Have a Dream" speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial* * high point of civil rights movement * Calls passage of civil rights bills * public-works program reduce unemployment, increase minimum wage, law barring discrimination * "Jobs and Freedom" * "I Have a Dream" speech: ‘We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.’”

Answer 171

* Resurrected Civil-War era vision of **national authority as the custodian** of American freedom.* * blacks' historical experience suggested they had more hope for justice from national power than from local government or civic institutions

Answer 172

**1. Peace Corps** * sent young men abroad aid in economic and educatoinal progress of developing countries 2. Plan to land the first man on the moon

Answer 173

Fidel Castro: lead revolution in 1959 to overthrow the Cuban dictator * until Fidel took power → Cuba economically dependent US * government nationalized American holdings and sold sugar to USSR American Response: 1. Eisenhower: suspended trade and diplomatic relations 2. (1961) Kennedy: CIA launch invasion of **Bay of Pigs** * Bay of Pigs Invation: disaster & only strenghtened Cuba * tried assasination attempts

Answer 174

* constructed in 1961: wall between West and East Berlin * Iron curtain * Symbol of Cold War and division of Europe

Answer 175

**Cuban Missil Crisis** (October 1962) * American spy planes discovered US installing missles in Cuba capable of reaching US with nuclear weapons * Response: imposed blockade or "quarantine" of the island * USSR agreed withdraw missles * US pledge not attack Cuba

Answer 176

* called for greater cooperation with USSR * 1963: agreed treaty to ban testing nuclear weapons in atmosphere

Answer 177

* preoccupied with foreign policy * reluctant take a forceful stand on black demands * federal force obstruction of civil rights law become acute * fail protest activists from violence

Answer 178

* national television call for the passage of a law banning discrimination in all places of public accomindations

Answer 179

November 22, 1963 * motorcade through Dallas: shot * Assassin: Lee Harvey Oswald * murdered 2 days later * conspiracies to the day * successor: Lyndon Johnson

Answer 180

* 5 days after Kenney's assassination (called by Johnson) ## Footnote * Prohibited **racial discrimination** in employment, institutions like hospitals and schools, and privately owned property* * Banned discrimination on the basis of **sex***

Answer 181

*Not address issue of the right to vote in the South* Result: **Freedom Summer** * Summer: launched voter registration drive in Mississippi * hunderds white college students came from North * response: violence * bombs and murdered 2 youth activists Led directly to one of the most dramatic confrontations of civil rights era: _Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP)_→ take seats of states' white official party

Answer 182

Johnson won ## Footnote *Marked milestone in resurgence of American conservatism*

Answer 183

* **Yougn Americans for Freedom** (YAF) → conservative students * also established _Port Huron Statemetn of SDS_ (1962) and _Sharon Statement_ * portrayed youth as a cutting edge of new radicalism * But conservative appeals to law and order,“freedom of association,” and the evils of welfare often had strong racial overtones. * Racial divisions would prove to be a political gold mine for conservatives.

Answer 184

* Issued by the YAF * Summarized beliefs circulated among conservatives **Free market** underpinned "personal freedom," government must strictly limit, and "**international commumism**" the gravest threat to liberty, must be destroyed

Answer 185

* organized by King * launched voting rights campaign *(defying governor orders) attempted to lead a march from Selma to the state capital* 1. assaulted with cattle prods, whips, tear gas 2. Violence against nonviolent demonstrators flahsed across TV 3. Johnson enacted law securing the right to vote: **Voting Rights Act of 1965**

Answer 186

**Voting Rights Act of 1965:** * caused march in Selma and nonviolent protestors * allowed federal officials to register voters **Twenty-Forth Amendment:** * outlawed poll tax (prevented poor blacks from voting)

Answer 187

``` By 1965, the civil rights movement had succeeded in eradicating the legal bases of second-class citizenship. ``` * foundation public policy, such as **Hart-Celler Act in 1965**

Answer 188

*Abandoned the national-origins quota system of immigration* * previously serverely restricted eastern and southern Europeans and banned Asians * New, racially neutral criteria for immigration: * family reunifation * possession of skills in demand * Opened country's borders

Answer 189

1. Explosive rise in immigration 2. Dramatic shift in who immigrated * mostly from Latin America, Caribbean, Asia

Answer 190

Taken together, the **civil rights revolution** and **immigration reform** marked the triumph of a pluralist conception of Americanism.

Answer 191

Initiatives of 1965-1967: **Great Society** 1. Health care to the poor and elderly 2. new Medicaid and Medicare programs 3. federal funds into education expaneded federal power & completed and extended social agenda

Answer 192

* New Deal: **response to depression** * Great Society: **response prosperity** * rapid economic change: fueled increaed government spending and tax cuts * believed economic growth made it possible to fund ambitious new government projects

Answer 193

*Crusade to eradicate poverty →* **War on Poverty** * _1930s_: poverty attributed to imbalance of economic power and flawed economic institutions * _1960s_: attributed to absence of skills and lack of proper attitudes and work habits * not address economic changes made many types of jobs redundant **What**: 1. food stamps 2. concentrated of equipping poor with skills 3. required poor to lead part in desgin and implementation of policies 4. contribute to further radicalization

Answer 194

_Why_: black poverty was fundamentally different from white, because its roots lay in “past injustice and present prejudice,” _What_: * economic liberty → more than equal opportunity * Great Society: most expansive effort in nation's history mobilize the power of the nation to adress poor

Answer 195

* first roit (battle between angry blacks and predominantly white policy) * Larger than Watts uprising in 1965 * days afterJohnson signed Voting Rights Act * attacked police and firemen * 35 dead and 900 injured

Answer 196

* balck unemplynemtn twice that of white * average black family incme little more than half the white norm ## Footnote *Mobilize nation's resouces to abolish economic deprivation*

Answer 197

* launched by King * demands quite different from predecessors in South * failed 1. **End discrimination by employers and unions** 2. **equal access to mortgages** 3. **intergreation of public housing** 4. **construction lwo-income housing**

Answer 198

* First Phase: clear and well-defined * Second Phase: fragmentation and few significant victories

Answer 199

* fiery orator → spokesman for Nation of Islam or Black Muslims * insisted blacks control community and rely own resources * 1964: trip to Mecca → saw harmony among Muslims all races * called cooperation for radical change * assassinated February 1965 after forming own Organization of Afro-American Unity * by Nation of Islam * legacy: no consisted ideology or coherent movement * call retiance own resources struch a chord

Answer 200

*Post-1966 rallying cry for a more militant civil rights movement* * Malcolm X: intellectual father * wanted: * election more black officials * black americans were colonized people whose freedom won only through revolutionary struggle for self-determination * felt public schoooling system failed * black local schools * abandoned "Negro" in favor of "Afro-American"

Answer 201

* repudiated previous interracialism: **new militant groups** * ex: Black Panther Party

Answer 202

1. escalation US involvement in Vietnam 2. War on Poverty halted 3. uprisings increase 4. antiwar movment 5. young people rejecting mainstream values

Answer 203

**Radical youth protest movement** * not the same as the socialists * not see USSR as a model * not see working class as the main agent of social change * challenged mainstream America & dismissed Old Left * inspired the black freedom movement * basis: _student activism_ * freedom = "participatory democracy"

Answer 204

* 1962: offshoot of socialist League for Industrial Democracy * **Port Huron Statement:** * captured mood and summarized beliefs of generation of student protesters * *critized institutions ranging from political parties to corporation, unions, and military industrial complex* *

Answer 205

* students protests alight was new rule prohibiting political groups * response: Free Speech Movement * thousands studnets in protest

Answer 206

* fear voters not forgive them for "loosing election" * lot of money invested * test to see if US could "counterinsugency" (intervention counter interval uprising in noncommunist countries) * approved military coup: led to death South Vietnam leader

Answer 207

* response to North Vietnamese patrol boats fired on American vessel ## Footnote *Authorized president to take "all necessary measures to repel armed attack"*

Answer 208

* num of troops in Vietnam exceed a million * more and more brutal

Answer 209

1. sidetrached Great Society 2. torn families, univerities, and Dems appart 3. oppostion to war = united people * college stuents exempted from draph * Martin King condemned war and Vietnam polices

Answer 210

* _April 1965:_ SDS assemble in Washington * _1967_: young men burned draft cards & flee to Canada * _October 1967_: 100,000 antiwar protesters assembled at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington DC

Answer 211

_Intitial_: "participatory democracy" _change_: expanded to include contural freedom * rejected values of elders * For the first time in American history, the flamboyant rejection of respectable norms in clothing, language, sexual behavior, and drug use, previously confined to artists and bohemians, became the basis of a mass movement. * rally cry: Liberation

Answer 212

Fulfillment of consumer marketplace Self-indulgence and self-destructive behavior were built into the counterculture.

Answer 213

* seach for a way of life where friendship and pleasure exceeded wealth * famed tio of sex, drugs, and rock and roll * new forms of radical action: * underground newspaper poineers * Woodsock (rock festivals) brought together thousands

Answer 214

*Roman Catholic Church preformed sweeping reforms* * result: nuns, priets, invovled social justice movements * split between liberals and conservatives *

Answer 215

The quest for personal authenticity, a feature of the counterculture, led to a flowering of religious and spiritual creativity and experimentation. Burgeoning interst in eastern religion

Answer 216

* hippy lifestyle as an authentic expression of the early chruch

Answer 217

* written by Betty Friendan in 1963 * very impactful * deluged by desprate letters from female readers relating how the suburban dream became a nightmare

Answer 218

1. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (prohibited inequalities based on sex) 2. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 3. 1966: National Organization for Women (NOW)

Answer 219

* young women embrace ideology of social equality and personal freedom * still inequality and sexual exploitation in SNCC and SDS * relegated to typing, cooking, cleaning * establishing "*consciousness-raising*" groups * new feminism burst into national scene

Answer 220

* contended to sexual relations, conditions of marriage, standerad of beutry, and civil rights* * demanded repeal state laws underscores women's lack of self-determination by banning abortions or leaving abortions up to doctors

Answer 221

* Before 1960s: * gays and lesbians: stigmatized as sinful or mentally disordered * illegal * police harassed gay subcultures

Answer 222

marked advent of "gay liberation" * rather than bowing to police harassment → fought back * 5 days of rioting followed = militant movement * steps out of the closet * insisted sexual orientations is a matter of rights, power, and identity * still prejudice

Answer 223

* Truman and Eisenhower sough dismantle reservation system & integrate Indians = *"termination"* * ending recongnition of remainng elements of Indian sovereignty * _response_: protested → Kennedy abandoned * 1968: **American Indian Movement**

Answer 224

*Called into question of progress with endless increases in consumption and the faith that science, technology, and economic growth would advance* welfare.

Answer 225

* publication of *Silent Springs* (1962): the effects of insecticies → kill birds and sickness * Racel Carson * launched modern environmental movement

Answer 226

It is one of the more striking ironies of the 1960s that although the “rights revolution” began in the streets, it achieved constitutional legitimacy through the Supreme Court, historically the most conservative branch of government.

Answer 227

* overturned individuals for advocating the overthrow of government

Answer 228

* overtunred libel judgement by Alabama jury agianst nation's leading newpaper * carrying advert critical of how local officials treat civil rights demonstrators * created _modern constitutional law of freedom of press_

Answer 229

Declared unconstitutional laws still on the books in 16 staes prohibited interracial marriage

Answer 230

*Court pushed forwards process of imposing on the states obligatons to respect liberties outlined in Bill of Rights* * indivual in police custody must be informed of rights to remain silent and to confer with a lawyer before answering questions * "Miranda warnings" standard policy pratice

Answer 231

* established principle that districts eleting members of state legislatures and Congress must be bequal in population* * "one man, one vote" - overturned apportionment systems (allowed individuals in sparely inhabited rural areas to enjoy same representation as residents of populous city districts)

Answer 232

*reinforce the wall of separation between chruch and state* * decreed that prayer and Bible readings in public schools violate First Amendment * most unpopular of all Warren Court's decisions

Answer 233

overturned state law prohibiting contraceptives * made birth control a right of individuals * extended access to unmarried women and minors * **not reverse sexual revolution** * directly led to Roe v. Wade

Answer 234

* Constitutional right to terminate a pregnancy* * vigorous opposition to the day

Answer 235

climax of the 60s

Answer 236

* **Tet Offensive** (NV troops uprising in cities through South Vietnam * intensity of fighting broadcasted * shattered public confidence Johnson administration

Answer 237

* was organizing Poor People's March * April 04: assassinated white person * Great outbreak of urban violence in nation's history

Answer 238

1. antiwar demonstration in London, Rome, Paris, Munich, Tokyo 2. Troubles Period * period of both peaceful and violent conflict of Catholics demanding end to religious discrimination in Northern Ireland

Answer 239

* turmoil in the streets = demand for public order * black militancy resulted white backlash * Richard Nixon - Republican nomination

Answer 240

1. produced new rights and freedoms 2. entrance numerous members of raical minorities into mainstream American life 3. (as country became more conservative) 60s blamed all social ills

Answer 241

*Mostly intersted in foreign policy (Congress under Dems control)* Nixon accepted and expanded many elements of the Great Society

Answer 242

* federal "block grants" to states spend as see fit * new federal agencies * _Environmental Protection Agency_ (oversaw programs combat water and air pollution) * _Occupation Safe and Health Administration_ (sent inspectors into workplaces) * _National Transportation Safety Board_ (instructed automobile market on how to make cars safer) * expanded food stamp program * **Endangered Species Act** * **Clean Air Act**

Answer 243

***Family Assistance Plan*** * "negative income tax" * replace Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) * minimum income to all americans

Answer 244

* (bad) wanted Southern support*: nominated SC two conservative southern jurists with records of supporting segregating* * Senate rejected * (good) Proportion southern black students attended intergrated schools doubled * (good) **Affirmative Action**: upgrade minority employment

Answer 245

*Earl Warren retired 1969; Warren Burger replace him* * appointed lower court's plan required extensive transporation of students to achieve school intergrariont * "busing" as a tool to achieve integration *

Answer 246

*SC soon abandoned idea of overturning local control of schools or moving students great distances for integration* * justices overturned lower court order required white suburbs enter into a regional desegregation plan * Guaranteed housing segregation would be mirrored public education * 1990s: schools North more segregated then South

Answer 247

*Saw it as reverse discrimination*

Answer 248

*Jusctices increasingly hostile to government affirmative action policies* * overturned admission program set aside 16/100 places in medical school for minorities * rejected idea of fixed affirmative action

Answer 249

*prohibited discrimination on basis of disability in programs conducted by federal agencies*

Answer 250

*efforts enable disabled people participate fully in society* * 1977: sit-ins forcing departments issue regulations enfroce Reabilitation Act * American with Disabilities Act (1990) * extended ban on discrimination against persons with disabilities

Answer 251

*passed from counterculture into social mainstream* * divorce rate increased * age of marriage rose * Birthrate declined * women changing aspirations * availability of birth control * legal abortions

Answer 252

*Banned gender discrimination in higher educatioon* * increased number of women in the workplace * motivations: 1. careers in professions 2. bolster family income

Answer 253

*major concern of the right* * increased number of gay groups * elect local officals * encouraged gays and lesbians to "come out"

Answer 254

*"Soft on communism"* * funneled arms dictatorial pro-american regimes (Iran, Philippines, South Africa) * fundamentally altered Cold War policies * more interested power than ideology * preferred stability

Answer 255

* wanted expand its power * 1972: trip to Beijing & visit Soviet Union * intense negotiations * agreement = two landmark arm-control treaties 1. **Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT)** 2. **Anti-Ballistic Missle Treaty**

Answer 256

**Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT)** * froze each county's arsenal of interncontinental missiles **Anti-Ballistic Missle Treaty** * banned development systems designed intercept incomming missles * neither side tempted attack without the other fearing devastation Nixon and Brezhnev proclaimed a new era of “peaceful coexistence,” in which détente (cooperation) would replace the hostility of the Cold War.

Answer 257

*"Vietnamization"* * troops gradually withdrawn & Vietnamese soldiers tdo more of the fighting * neither limit of end war * war escalated: protests agian spread on college campuses

Answer 258

* openly experimented with drugs * openly wore peace and Black-Power symbols * refused orders * assulted unpopular officers * 1971: 1000s deserted army

Answer 259

_what_: company of American troops killed 350 Southern Vietnamese civilians * William Calley guilty of atrocity Underpined support of war

Answer 260

*Times* published Pentagon Papers **(classified report prepared by Defnse Department traced American involvement in Vietnam back to WW2)** * reveal how presidents successfully misled Americans * landmark freedom of press decision

Answer 261

* Most vigorous assertion of congressional control over foreign policy in nation's history * Opposition to American involvement in Vietnam war ## Footnote *required congressional approval before the president sent troops abroad*

Answer 262

* Paris peace agreement = withdrawal of American troops * left SV government in place * 1975: NV overtake SV and reunified

Answer 263

Ignorance of the history and culture of Vietnam and a misguided belief that every communist movement in the world was a puppet of Moscow, he wrote, had led the country into a war that he now profoundly regretted.

Answer 264

* Men broke into Watergate apartment complex * tried to determine who funded the break-ins * *Washington Post* published evidence that someone close to president ordered burglary & conver-up * _result_: Congressional hearings (revealved wider pattern of wiretapping, break-ins, attempts to sabotage political opposition) * Evidence of tapes with Nixon and conversations in his office * SC demanded tapes

Answer 265

*Nixon knew of watergate break-ins & ordered cover-ups* * 1974: Judiciary Committe voted recommond Nixon's impeachment * Nixon resigned (only president to do so)

Answer 266

* Congress enact new restrictions restrict power of FBI and CIA to spy on Americans * Strengthened **Freedom of Information Act** (FOIA)

Answer 267

1. American properous and military-industrial complex thriving → pay little attention economic consequences of Cold War 2. US provided industrial reconstruction of Germany and Japan = new centers of manufacturing 3. Encourgaed American compnies to invest overseas

Answer 268

*First time US had a trade deficit in 20th century* * 3/4 goods imported * decline manufactoring workers

Answer 269

* took US off gold standard (ending Bretton Woods agreement → *fixed dollar value and other currencies in therms of gold)* * _why_: lower dollar's value would promote exports * end fixed currency → **new elements of instability in economy**

Answer 270

* _1973_: war between Isreal and Egypt and Syria * Eastern Arab states retaliated against western support of Isreal * **quadrupled price of oil** and **suspended export** * Shortage oil in the US

Answer 271

* rised oil prices * contributed to _stagflation_ * Misery index increased

Answer 272

declining profits and rising overseas competition: * eliminating well-paid menufacturing jobs * automoation * outsources

Answer 273

* (Chicago and Detroit) loss half manufacturing jobs * (New York) welcomed opportunity remake city as as centers of finance, information, entertainment

Answer 274

* forced into defensive (been there ever since) * weakended = shift from manufactoring to service * adverse impact ordinary Americans

Answer 275

* Appointed after Nixon's resignation * Nelson Rockerfeller VP * first time: both offices occupied people whom none voted for

Answer 276

Pardoned Nixon (wanted country to put scandal behind them) ## Footnote *unpopular*

Answer 277

lacked significance * combat inflation: urged Americans shop wisely, reduce expenditures * Joblessess rose (highest level since depression)

Answer 278

* Continued *Nixon’s policy of détente* * **Helsinki Accords:** * USSR and US agreed to recognize permanence of Europe's post-war boundaries (including divided Germany) * inspired movements for greater freedom within communist countries

Answer 279

Jimmy Carter * Carter ran for president as an “outsider,” making a virtue of the fact that he had never held federal office. * A devout “born-again” Baptist, he spoke openly of his religious convictions. * His promise, “I’ll never lie to you,” resonated with an electorate tired of official dishonesty.

Answer 280

*embraced aspirations of black Americans*

Answer 281

* social upheavals of 1960s = new politicians * Who: * represent affluent urban and suburban districts * saw equality (race, sex...) important *

Answer 282

* proposed cuts on domestic programs * hope increase competition and reduce prices * "deregulations" * repeal usury laws (limit how much interest lenders can change) * interest rates increased rapidly

Answer 283

*committed to promote _human rights_* *became central to foreign policy* * marked significant break with dominant ideas since WW2: view world basic divide between communism and noncommunist countries * influenced nongovernmental agenceis (like Amnesty International) * exposed misdeeds in communist and noncommunist countries

Answer 284

1. **1979**: Camp David Accords (Egypt and Isreal peace treaty) 2. improved relations LA

Answer 285

difficult translate rhetoric into action * military complex: many jobs * not dismantle * still fund warcrimes

Answer 286

* 1977: Carter traveled to help celebrate shah's rule → internal opposition = anti-American * 1979: Popular revoltuion overthrew shah declared Iran an Islamic Republic * inved American embassy in Tehran & 60 hostages

Answer 287

Inapt and weak

Answer 288

* USSR sent troops into Afganistan support government (threaten Islamic revolution) * Afganistan became the Soviet's Vietnam * unwinnable conflict * Carter: "greatest crisis since WW2" (exaggeration) * announced **Carter Doctrine**: * US use military force protect interest in Persian Gulf

Answer 289

* fought decade-long guerrila war against Soviet * Alliance: Islamic fundamentalists - Taliban - became power in Afganistan

Answer 290

* economic problems * wanted lower taxes, reduced government regulations * fears about decline of American power * Civil rights and sexual revolution produced resentment

Answer 291

*leaders of the conservative insurgency of the early 1980s.* brand of conservatism personified in Ronald Reagon (less governemnt, supply-side economics, "family values")

Answer 292

evangelical Protestantism flourished * "Third Great Awakening" * Carter first "born-again" Christain * mainstream culture: trivialize religion and promote immorality * wanted restore traditional values * used modern media for communication * agitated ongoing sexual revolution * American freedom out of control

Answer 293

* First posed in 1920s by Alice Paul and Women's Party * revived second-wave feminism *Equality of rights under the law not be abridged on account of sex* _opposition:_ * discredit the role of wife and homemaker * reflect divide amoung women * *supporters*: guarentee women's freedom in public sphere * *opponents*: freedom for women still resided in divinely appointed roles of wife and mother * Failed to achieve ratification (deu to mobilization of conservative women)

Answer 294

* began amongst Roman Catholics * chruch condemned abortion under any circumstances * Soon Evangelicals also oppose * abortion = murder * Feminists: women's right to control her body

Answer 295

* **1976**: Congress ended federal funding for poor women through Medicare * **1990s**: bombs and murdered doctors

Answer 296

* unable devise effective policy to counter (1) deindustrailization and (2) declining real wages * descent from affluence to stagflation increased appeal What: **less government regualtion**

Answer 297

* population movement stimulated development * brough evangelical Christianity * increased alienated from Dems (embraced rights revolution)

Answer 298

*Ban on further increases in property taxes* * proved to help businesses and homeowners * reduced funding public school and libraries * Anti-Tax sentiment flourished through country

Answer 299

* pledged to end stagflation * restore country's dominance * Appeal to "white backlash" * condemned welfare systems, school busing, and affirmative action * won the support of the Religious Right (family values) ## Footnote **launched Reagan Revolution**

Answer 300

righwards turn of American politics following 1980 election of Ronald Reagan combined old and new conservatives: * antigovernment crusade and advocate for more aggressive foreign policy * libretarians who believed in freeing individuals * Christian right

Answer 301

* good orator * optimistic and affability to appeal large number of americans * made conservatism seem progressive

Answer 302

1. reduced top tax from 70 → 50% (1981) 2. Tax Reform Act (1986) * reduced rate on wealthiest Americans to 28% *Marked sharp retreat from principle of pregressivity (wealthy should pay more taxes)*

Answer 303

REAGANOMICS: "**Supply-Side economics**" (or "trickle-down economcis" by opponents) * relied on high interest rates to curb inflation * lower tax rates (especially for businesses) → stimulate private investment * hoped tax cuts inspire Americans to work harder: keep more of their earnings

Answer 304

* 1981: union of aire traffic controllers striked: Reagan fired them all * inspired many private employers laucn anti-union offensives

Answer 305

1. Most severe recession since 1930s (1981-1982) 2. Followed long period of economic expansion * "Downsized companies" more profitable * declined inflation * GDP increaed

Answer 306

1. Reaganomics 2. Deindutrialization

Answer 307

*Riches 1 percent owned 40% of wealth* * spent income: * Not on investments and charity (like reaganomics prices) * bought luxury goods, real estate, corporate buyouts

Answer 308

* buying out companies generated more profits * riches: **making deals, not products**

Answer 309

* spurred large increase in funds for military, federal spending outstripped income, producing large **buget deficit**

Answer 310

*most significant reform since 1965* * saw immigration essential to economic growth * Immigration **Reform and Control Act of 1986** * amnesty and path to citizenship for 3 million undocumented immigration * penalized employers who knowingly hired them

Answer 311

increased amounts of illegal Mexican immigrants * due to demand of low-wage labor * called to stem flow of undocumented

Answer 312

* left Medicare, Social Security * little to advance social agenda of Christian Right * abortion legal * women increasingly entered labor force * appointed first female court justice

Answer 313

* rare victory for cultural conservatives * SC uphold constitutionality of state law to outlaw homosexuals * *reversed in 2003*

Answer 314

"Freedom from fear" * emphasized law and order * began during Nixon's presidency * increased spending on enforcing law * increaed crackdown on usage of marijuana and heroin

Answer 315

* reinstated federal death penalty * abolished federal parole system * instituted harsh sentencing

Answer 316

*fueled by fear of drugs* * surge in arrest * rapidly expanding prison population

Answer 317

*denounced USSR as an evil empire* * largest military buildup in American history * determined overcome "**Vietnam Syndrome**" → *public reluctancy to commit US overseas again* * sent troops to Caribbean Island * peacekeeping forces to Lebanon

Answer 318

* (1983) **Strategic Defense Initiative**: develop space-based system to intercept and destroy enemy missiles * violate Anti-Ballistic Missle Treaty

Answer 319

advanced neoconservative idea to oppose “totalitarian” communists but assist “authoritarian” noncommunist regimes.

Answer 320

* greatest scandal of presidency * _1984_: Congress banned military aid to Contras fightin Nicaragua government * _1985_: secretly authorized sales of arms to Iran → secure release hostages held by Islamic group → used money to support Contras * _1987_: Middle Eastern newspaper leaked sotry * Reagan denied allegations * undermined confidence that he had controll of his administation

Answer 321

* taks on arms control * more progress than entire postwar period * agreement elimiate inetermediate- and short-range nukes in Europe

Answer 322

*reveals contradiction at the heart of modern conservatism* * undermined values and institutions conservatives cared about * changed political landscape

Answer 323

1. **Collective Security**— this included membership in the United Nations but more directly applied to NATO as a military preparation effort. It focused on the idea of “containing” the communism of the Soviet Union, put forth by such documents as the Truman Doctrine in 1947 and NSC-68 in 1950. It also included the arms race as an additional security measure. 2. **Multilateral economic framework**— this included promoting economic stability within and among the United States and its allies. The Marshall Plan pumped a great deal of money into rebuilding Europe after WWII. The GATT sought to expand international trade by reducing barriers, such as tariffs, among allied nations. Stronger economic ties through trade were thought to strengthen political ties as well.

Answer 324

**2.** Aiding South Korea in the Korean War

Answer 325

**3.** The concern of Communist influence increased after the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident

Answer 326

**1.** The role and methods of those conducting investigations were challenged as unconstitutional

Answer 327

**2.** It increased the buildup of weapons as part of national security, but this would later lead to public fear of nuclear war.

Answer 328

**4.** Arms race

Answer 329

**2.** Involvement was an extension of the containment policy against Communism.

Answer 330

**2.** Allied pressure caused the removal of Soviet troops, who had attempted to secure access to oil, from Iran.

Answer 331

**3.** People were growing less confident in a chance for American success

Answer 332

**2.** It committed the public to containment as a defense of freedom

Answer 333

**3.** Nuclear disarmament talks

Answer 334

**Causes**: 1. Baby boom 2. Growth in private businesses, like construction and vehicle manufacturing 3. Continued federal spending, including education and housing for veterans 4. Technological developments, such as color television **Effects**: 1. Increased demand for housing and growth of suburbs, including “Levittowns” 2. Higher levels of education and rapid increase in number of colleges and universities 3. Increased purchasing of consumer goods, encouraging further manufacturing and development of shopping malls 4. Rise of the Sun Belt as having a greater role in U.S. economy and politics

Answer 335

One reason many suburban parents were disturbed by their youths’ passion for rock music was because of its African American roots. In cities across the country, white teen couples and African American couples were listening to the same musical artists. Sometimes they attended the same televised rock 'n' roll dance parties. White artists like Elvis were incorporating the black beat in their music, and black stars like Chuck Berry were addressing white teen themes. The United States in the 1950s remained segregated along racial lines. However, music and sports were two cultural fields in which white and black Americans were beginning to mix and discover a common culture. Jackie Robinson had broken the "color line" in major-league baseball in 1947. Within ten years, African Americans such as Willie Mays and Latino Americans such as Roberto Clemente were among the biggest stars in baseball. These were the first tentative steps toward social changes that few young people in the 1950s could imagine.

Answer 336

This era’s youth used their own excess of spending money to create a culture of nonconformist conformity all their own. In 1956, Scholastic magazine reported that the average teen had a weekly income of $10.55. Fifteen years earlier, that had been as much as the average American family had to spend on leisure. Teens now had money to spend on clothes, records, movies, and cars.

Answer 337

**3.** Lifestyle improvement

Answer 338

**4.** Baby boom

Answer 339

**2.** Air conditioning

Answer 340

**1.** Behavior conformity to conservative norms was most valued, but many youth challenged the standards.

Answer 341

**3.** Advertising toward youth

Answer 342

**1.** Christian faith was promoted and viewed as a defense against Communism

Answer 343

**3.** It increased international migration.

Answer 344

**2.** They promoted lower taxes and regulation

Answer 345

**3.** Some Americans criticized the values of the conservative consumer culture

Answer 346

3. Increasing college enrollment

Answer 347

**2.** Activists began to demand social and economic equality for women

Answer 348

**1.** It was the first time that homosexuals fought against police discrimination

Answer 349

**3.** Women were expected to be submissive housewives, but the divorce rate was increasing

Answer 350

**4.** Latino Americans saw the two issues as intertwined, as employer discrimination was the basis for significant civil rights issues

Answer 351

**2.** More autonomy and control over tribal issues and lands

Answer 352

**3.** They had to first generate a common identity among related but different groups

Answer 353

**3.** One of the goals of Asian American activists was to obtain redress for Japanese American internment in World War II

Answer 354

**1.** An increasing sense of economic and social independence is thought to have caused the average marriage age to rise

Answer 355

**2.** Interracial marriage was becoming more acceptable, at least in the eyes of the law

Answer 356

**2.** It started to remove the negative stigma associated with divorce

Answer 357

* **Tax Reduction Act—**Taxes on corporations and wealthy people were cut by 10 billion dollars to encourage businesses to increase employment and production. * **Civil Rights Act—**This act banned discrimination based on race, religion, gender, and national origin in access to public facilities, employment, and federal programs. This empowered enforcement of school desegregation. A related 1968 act prevented discrimination in access to housing. * **Economic Opportunity Act—**The first policy of the "War on Poverty," the EOA created several offices and programs, many of which still exist today. Project Head Start is a preschool program for low-income families. Job Corps is a program to train young adults in workplace skills. VISTA is a volunteer program that would assist poor communities. It continues today as AmeriCorps VISTA.

Answer 358

1. **Elementary and Secondary Education Act**—This was the first act in the nation's history to provide federal funding directly to schools. The funding provided textbooks, library books, materials, and special needs education resources to schools for kindergarten through 12th grade. 2. **Voting Rights Act—**This act ended the use of literacy tests as a qualification for voting. It also gave the federal government the power to send "federal examiners" to the South to register people qualified to vote. 3. **Omnibus Housing Act**—This act appropriated, or set aside, budget funds for low- and middle-income housing. It also gave assistance to low-income families for rent payments. 4. **Immigration Act**—This law ended the system of quotas set in 1924 for immigrants based on national origins. The focus of immigration rules shifted to attracting skilled labor. 5. **Higher Education Act**—This legislation set aside funds for scholarships and low-interest loans for low-income college students. It also supported college libraries and research departments. 6. **National Endowments for the Arts and Humanities**—These programs fund art and cultural projects, including research and education in the humanities. They award grants to cultural institutions like museums and colleges to continue the study of history, language, archaeology.

Answer 359

* **Model Cities Act**—This act set up the Department of Housing and Urban Development. It provided funding to chosen "model cities" to clear away run-down areas, build better housing and recreational facilities, and create mass transportation systems. * **Motor Vehicle Safety Act—**This act created federal standards for automobile safety and tires. * **Truth in Packaging Act**—This law expanded federal government rules on labeling for consumer goods. It required packages to carry labels listing the product's identity, the name and address of the manufacturer, and the quantity of product contained in the package.

Answer 360

In 1953, President Eisenhower appointed Earl Warren as Chief Justice to the U.S. Supreme Court. Eisenhower probably did not realize he was the catalyst for what historians consider the most activist Supreme Court in the 20th century. The term "activist" as applied to a court means that the court's decisions have the effect of creating social change. What is remarkable about some of the cases decided by this court is that the decisions came about when anti-Communism was still very strong. The "Warren Court" is famous for many liberal rulings that supported or expanded: * democracy * individual liberty * Great Society policies * power of the federal government ***Brown v. Board of Education*** was the Warren Court’s first landmark case. The most prominent cases of the Warren Court expanded and defined the rights of those accused of crimes and addressed civil rights issues reflected in Great Society policies.

Answer 361

**Immigration and Nationality Act** (1965): A quota system based on national origin had been in place in the United States since the 1920s, but in 1965, the Immigration and Naturalization Act changed the focus of immigration policy to bring in more skilled workers. The previous policy had heavily excluded people who did not come from certain parts of the world, and many felt the new act was a sign of progress for civil rights.

Answer 362

(1) **Refugee Act** (1980): The Refugee Act was an amendment to the current policies of the time, and it defined refugees as people who must seek protection in the United States because it would be unsafe to return to their home countries. President Jimmy Carter signed the act, which also established a maximum annual number of refugees who can be admitted. For times of emergency, however, the president may make an exception to temporarily increase this number. (2) **Immigration Reform and Control Act** (1986): In response to shifting demographics in the United States, many Americans expressed concern that their jobs were being taken by international migrants, who were often willing to work for significantly less money. In response, the Immigration Reform and Control Act made it a crime for employers to knowingly hire or recruit workers who were in the country illegally.

Answer 363

**Immigration Act** (1990): The Immigration Act of 1990 increased the number of immigrants allowed to enter the country per year, and it removed restrictions that had previously been seen as infringements on civil rights, including the exclusion of homosexuals in the wording of the 1965 act.

Answer 364

[1] **USA PATRIOT Act** (2001): The USA PATRIOT Act significantly increased restrictions on immigrants who might be seen as terrorists, or who might be involved in terrorist groups. In addition, family members of people who have been linked to terrorist organizations are also restricted. [2] **Protests** (2006): In 2006, the United States government sought legislation to address immigration by making anyone living in the country illegally a felon. The response included massive protests and demonstrations across the nation calling for rejection of the bill and an overhaul of existing immigration policies. The end result was a total change in the discussion of how to handle immigration and help people become citizens. [3] **Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals** (DACA) (2012): President Obama announced new immigration policy relating to undocumented migrants who arrived in the United States prior to turning 16 that would make approved individuals exempt from deportation and eligible for a renewable work permit. State governments, which control access to state benefits for those approved under DACA, have been divided on the issue, as have many Americans.