Unit 06: The Industrial Revolution and the Gilded Age (1865 - 1898) Flashcards

Question

# Chapter 17: Freedom's Boundaries and Expansionism How did the memory of the Civil War age?

Answer 1

Memory of Civil War whites: saw tragic family quarrel (*blacks no significant part)* * both sides gallantly fought * slavery small issue (not fundamental cause) **the Lost Cause** > Romanticized version of slavery

Answer 2

**1890s**: immigration shift 3. 5 million immigratns * half not from Europe (south and eastern Europe) ***"New Immigrants"*** * lower class citizens Resurgence racial nationalism Restricted immigration widely seen way determine "who was american" * rather than "our" identity * demeened "others"

Answer 3

made sharp distinction between old and new immigrants * *echoed [Know-Nothings](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Thirteen-4ae546c53e8d440eb5883919cfe54588) view* **(1)** blamed problems (crime and poverty) to immigrants **(2)** southern and eastern Europeans" incapable and stupid **(3)** called reduction immigration by barring illiterate from entiring US **1897**: vetoed Cleveland **1903**: list barring certain people entering

Answer 4

**(1)** Secrect of "_Australian" ballot_ * protect privacy * limit participation of illiterates **(2)** immigrants not allowed vote **(3)** residency and literacy requirements

Answer 5

Chinese immigration * * * **1882**: **Chinese Exclusion Act** * temporarily exluded all immigration from China **1902**: permanent * required register government and carrry identification Chinese discrimination * * * 1. expelled towns and mining camps 2. mobs assuated residents and businesses 3. (**1871-1885**) no public education Chinese (California **1885**: ***Tape v. Hurley*** * force Cal admit Chinese students * segregated education

Answer 6

* considered legal status Chinese-Americans _what_: 14 Amendment aware citizenship born in America

Answer 7

courts authorized ederal government expel Chinese alines wihtout due process

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**1881**: founded Leader: **Samuel Gomper** * (mostly) white, natives view: 1. movement devote negotiating employers higher wages & better work conditions 2. "business unionism" * * * **1890s:** * rebounded from decline * less inclusive: only skilled workers

Answer 9

* more opportunities (for economic independence) * greater role public life (not vote)

Answer 10

_increased influence in public affairs:_ * clubs * temperance organizations * social reformist * * * WCTU: * era's largest female organization demands: 1. prohibition 2. economic and political reform 3. right to vote

Answer 11

gravitate towards previaling racial and ethnic norms * women's equality (education and employment) * part of "superior race"

Answer 12

**_Age of Imperialism_** Late 19th century: **Age of Imperialism** * European empires carved up large parts of world * US: second rate power _"**New Imperialism**"_ World powers: 1. Japan 2. Belgium 3. Great Britain 4. France 5. Germany (became country)

Answer 13

Until **1890s**: * * * Expansion: NA continent Since [Monroe Doctrine](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Ten-d74af15d51744057b4300b25b006d719) (**1823**) * see Western Hemisphere an American sphere of influence * wanted expand trade & not territorial possession **1890s**: * * * * Turning point American expansionism:* **(1)** agricultural and industrial production → not contain at home * companies market abroad **(2)** Economic downturns: wanted international access **(3)** Women desirous overseas commodities

Answer 14

**a.** Missionaries Prepare world second comming of Christ **Dwight Moody**: * started expidition * Methodist evangelist → sent 8,000 missionaries **b.** Thinkers promoting American Expansionism * America should take part Scramble for Afria **c.** News promoted nationalistic sentiments: * wanted agressive foreign policy * appeals patriotic sentiments called ***"Yellow Press"***

Answer 15

* tied to US through treaties * **Independent nation** Economy: dominated US sugar plantations

Answer 16

**1893**: group American planters overthrew Hawaii government of Queen Liliuokalani * Eve leaving office: Harrison submitted treaty of annexation * Cleveland withdrew it **July 1898**: (during Spanish-American War) annexed Hawaii

Answer 17

USA emergence **world power** in **Spanish-American War** (**1898**) Origin: Cuban want independence Spain * **1868**: revolt * reports suffering won support USA * * * **Feb 15, 1898**: battleship ***U.S.S. Maine*** (Havana Harbor) exploded (*later found accident)* **McKinley** → declared War 1. declare wanted to help 2. **Teller Amendment** (*US no intention annexing or doninating island)* * * * called **"Splended Little War"** * only 4 months

Answer 18

***_San Jaun Hill:_*** * most publicized land battle took place Cuba* leader: **Theodore Roosevelt** * expansionist * believe war reunite unity * carge of ***Rough Riders*** * Result: national hero

Answer 19

US aquired: **Philippines, Puerto Rico, Pacific island Guam** Cuba: * before independence → forced approve **Platt Amendment** * US intervene militarily whenever it sees fit* * * * Purpose: * strategic gatewages to Latin America naval and commercial power * shipping routs Asia **1899**: **Open Door Policy** Europeans powers grant America exports equal access * free movement of goods and money ( )

Answer 20

Europeans powers grant America exports equal access * free movement of goods and money ( )

Answer 21

(some) Cubans, Filipinos, Puerto Ricans: welcomed American intervention way breaking Spanish hold * admired America's democratic ideals * would lead social reform and self-government American determination to **exercise continued control:** rapid change local opinion (especially Philippines) result: **Philippine War**

Answer 22

* bloodier * least remembered all American Wars * * * After colonial control: * expanded railroad and harbors * brought schoolteachers and health workers * modernize agriculture benefitted local elites & most still empoverished result: 1. **low-wage plantation economy** 2. **controlled absentee American corporations**

Answer 23

Question: _relationship among political democracy, race ,and citizenship_ * American system no provision premanent colonies * identified Anglo-Saxon superiority

Answer 24

> Puerto Rico "insular territory" * not citizens US * denied path to statehood

Answer 25

*collection Supreme Court cases* > Constitution not fully apply to territories recently acquired by US Two central principles to American freedom: 1. **No taxation without representation** 2. **Government based on consent of governend**

Answer 26

(1) _Hawaii_: * already had American population * granted citizenship (excluding Asians) * 1959: admitted as state (2) _Philippines_: * 1946: independence (3) _Guam_: * unincorporated territory (4) _Puerto Rico_: * "world oldest colony" * lacks full self-governent * electors own governemnt & lacks voice Congress

Answer 27

opponents expansionism * energies directed at home Who: * businessmen fearful cost maintaining overseas post * racists (not wish bring non-whites into America) * writers and social reformers

Answer 28

Early 20th century: **US one of most rapid economic expansions ever** Why? 1. **lots natural resources** 2. **growing supply of labor** 3. **expanding market manufactured goods** 4. **capital for investment** 5. **federal government sponsorship** * high tariffs (protect home industry) * granted land rail road companies * arm remove Indians from western lands

Answer 29

_Factories_ Heart SIR: region around Great Lakes facotries: steel, iron, machinery, chemicals, foods 1. Pittsburgh: world center of iron and steel 2. Chicago: second largest city _Railroads_ **Made revolution possible** Spurred: 1. private investment 2. land grants + money government Result: * opened areas to commerical farming * national market _Mass production_ The market for mass production, distribution, and marketing → essential modern industrial economy New national brands: * Ivory Soap * Quakers Oats

Answer 30

Idea of economic independence → obsolete 1890: 2/3 Americas work wages (not own farm or business) result: 1. new working class 2. immigrants

Answer 31

era's greatest inventor * phonograph * lightbulb * motion picture * generating electric power

Answer 32

Fall in prices: Why? 1. market flooded goods 2. federal monetary policies

Answer 33

Ruthless competition: ***Pools***: * by railroads and other companies * oligopolistic structures (divided market and had fixed prices) ***Trusts***: *legal devices where affairs serveral rival companies managed single director* * coordinates economic activities "independent" companies * short lived

Answer 34

Tried achieve _monopolies_: 1897-1904: 4,000 firms merged result: **dominataed industries**: Standard Oil U.S. Steel International Harvester

Answer 35

Depression in **1873** → C established steel company * incorporated _vertical integration_ (controlled all phases of business (raw, transportation, manufacturing, distribution)) * dominated industry * dictorial operation Philanthropy: denounced "worship of money"

Answer 36

Began careeer: clerk Later: dominate oil industry (Standard Oil) How: cutthroat competition, secret deals, fixing prices **Horizontal Expansion** *(buying out other oil refineries*)

Answer 37

***_Wealth distribution:_*** Very unequal Economic independence: **rested on technical skills rather than ownership** * skilled workers → demand higher wages ***_Most workers:_*** Economic insecurity → common * **depression of 1870s-1890s**: millions lost jobs * high dead rates * most working class → very poor and needed income all family members * terrible working and living conditions ***_Top 1 percent:_*** Money: same total income as bottom half pop + more property than remaining 99% persued aristocratic lifestyle 1. build palatial homes 2. attended exclusive clubs, schools, colleges

Answer 38

***_Public discussion_*** Who: * all people (educated, farmers, reformers) Result: * 1000s books, pamphlets * widespread debate social and ethical implications of economic change ***_Social unrest_*** Felt something **wrong nation's social development**: 1. "better classes," "dangerous classes" in public discussion 2. labor stikes common

Answer 39

No longer view: wage labor temporary resting place road to economic independence * * * Some view: concentration wealth natural, inevitable, justified * wages determined law of supply and demand * The close link between freedom and equality, forged in the Revolution and reinforced during the Civil War, appeared increasingly out of date.*

Answer 40

1859: ***On the Origin of Species*** theory of evolution

Answer 41

Oversimplified form Darwin's Theory Evolution ("natural selection" and "struggle of existance") entered public **Social Darwinism:** *evolution natural process in human society and government not interfere* * gaint corportations: better adapted environment * restrictions → reduce society primitive level

Answer 42

* most influential Social Darwinist * prof at Yale > Freedom required acceptance of inequality _Society two alternatives:_ 1. liberty, inequality, survival of the fittest 2. not-liberty, equality _Role of government:_ protect property of men and the honor of women and nothing else

Answer 43

SD: "negative" idea of freedom as limited government and an unrestrained free market * central: *idea of contract* labor relations freely governed by contracts freely sign → not interfere union or government Free labor: _was_: celebration independent, small producers in social of equality and social harmony _now_: defense of unrestained operations of capitalist market

Answer 44

**struck down laws regulating enterprise** generally sided with businesses * * * **1885**: Courts of Appeals invalided state law prohibiting manufacture cigars

Answer 45

Ruled: **_Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890_** not use break up sugar refining monopoly _Act_: barred combinations in the restaint of trade * intended prevent business mergers stifled competition _why_: Constitution empowered Congress regulate commerce not manufacturing

Answer 46

*almost as notorious as [Dred Scott](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Thirteen-4ae546c53e8d440eb5883919cfe54588)* _what_: voided state law established 10h work for bakers _why_: violation of "personal liberty"

Answer 47

Slavery controversy: > The Overwhelming Labor Question seen **1877**: *end Reconstruction & frist national labor walkout (**Great Railroad Strike**)* * protest labor cuts & burned railroad * paralized rail road traffic much country * Rutherford ordered army into North Illustrated: 1. strong sense solidarity among workers \*\* 2. close ties between Republic Party and class of industrialists Result: * government contructed armeries major cities Shift role national power: **not protect beleaguered former slaves but guarantee rights of property**

Answer 48

Shift role national power: not protect beleaguered former slaves but guarantee rights of property

Answer 49

1880s: wave new labor organizations ***Knights of Labor*** Leader: **Terence V. Powderly** What: * first organize unskilled workers & skilled ones (biracial and bisexual) * peek 1886: 800,000 * stikes, boycotts, political actions **_Labor reform Gilded Age_** New programs: 1. 8-hour day 2. public employment 3. reform 4. anachism 5. vaguely defining **cooperate commonwealth**

Answer 50

Establish Statue of Liberty Also: upsurge labor activity **May 01, 1886:** 350,000 workers **demostrated 8-hour day** Origin: May Day (01 May) * became annual day for parades

Answer 51

**1886** Establish Statue of Liberty Also: upsurge labor activity **May 01, 1886:** 350,000 workers **demostrated 8-hour day** Origin: May Day (01 May) * became annual day for parades Haymarket Protests Chicago → most dramatic * natives and immigrants * **May 03:** 4 killed police * **May 04**: rally Haymarket Square → bomb in crowd → killed policeman panic: (1) shots and (2) railds of leaders * * * Employers: used event show labor movemebts dangerous

Answer 52

Numerous plans for change: 1. **150 utopian or cataclysic novels** * social conflict end harmoney or catastrophe* 2. **books remedies unequal wealth distribution** century's bestsellers: * Progress and Poverty* (1879) Henry George*The Cooperative Commonwealth* (1884) Laurence Gronlund*Looking Backward* (1888) Edward Belllamy 3. result: clubs

Answer 53

* Progress and Poverty* (**1879**) **Henry George** * * * Problem: growth of squalor and misery Solution: Single Tax

Answer 54

* The Cooperative Commonwealth* (**1884**) **Laurence Gronlund** * * * * First books popularize socialist ideas in A* * socialism mostly confined immigrants → conflict A view freedom and private property Solution: Americanization * process peaceful evolution

Answer 55

* Looking Backward* (**1888**) **Edward Belllamy** * * * Character falls asleep wakes up 2000 → cooperation replace class strife * freedom = social dondition resting on interdependence

Answer 56

protestants major role seeking eradicate sin ***"Christain lobby"*** what: popiltical solution to "moral" probelms raised by: 1. labor conflict 2. growth of cities 3. threats to religious faith by Darwinism

Answer 57

_Pre_: Moral suasion * South against legislation regarding individual _Post_: wanted government **"Christianize government"** → outlaw sinful behavior * outlaw: alcohol, gambing, prostitution, polygamy, birth control * **South** joined in campaign South called **"Bible Belt"** Result: failed: * businesses close Sunday achievement: * **Mann Act of 1910** (banned transportation women across state lines for immoral purposes) * **Prohibition**

Answer 58

*_Social Gospel (late 19th and early 20th century)_* **Social Gospel**: ideals preached liberals → application Christain principles to social problems Began with writings 1. **Walter Rauschenburg** 2. **Washington Gladden** Ideas: * freedom & spirituality = equalization of wealth and power ***_Movement:_*** _Origin_: effort reform Protestant chruches 1. appeal to poor 2. making more attentive social ills _What_: * wellfare programs

Answer 59

Bust independent labor party acitivty most celebrated campaign **1886**: who: **Henry George** United Labor Party Goals: * stopping court barring strikes and jailing unionists * single tax on land Result: finished second (after Roosevelt)

Answer 60

Zulus in SA, Aboriginal in Austaria, American Indians → **pushed asside** _Incorporation west:_ * required federal intervention aquire Indian lands * gov: regulated politics, distribution land & money, railroads, mining _How_: * land sales and treaties * war

Answer 61

**no individual settlers of corporations yet** 20th century: 1. financed irrigation and dams → commercial farming 2. West seen place independence and individualism

Answer 62

**_Agricultural development_** Lots of settlers: land claims: * [Homestead Act](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Fourteen-02948f4d213345f0981439140525abca) of 1863 * speculators and railroad companies Result: **agriculture empire** ***_Agriculture and International economy_*** Few **Bonanza Farms** * thousands miles * employed large amount workers Mostly small farms: orientated to (inter)national market Transactions of goods through railroads _Struggles:_ * struggled last 1/4 19th century * migrated cities

Answer 63

Diverse: *native-born easterners, blacks, immigrants from Canada, Germany, Scandinavia, Great Britain* * * * Farming: not easy * burden fell women invested labor-saving machines for cash → not machines ease women's burden

Answer 64

Economy: *reflected international economy more intergrated* **Prices Decreased:** why? 1. economic depression 2. expanding production in Argentina, Australia, American West

Answer 65

**_Future farming_** What: **gaint agricultural enterprises** * reliant chemicals, irrigation, machinery * *small farmers not afford* **_California_** Preview agricultural future * landowership concentraded large units **late 19th century:** * gaint fruit and veg farms

Answer 66

***_Golden Age_*** 2 decades after CW → golden age cattle Kingdom what: * Abilene, Dodge City, Wichita, Texas * cattle farming who: * whites, blacks, Mexicans * "Cowboys" → symbol life open range ***_Cowboys_*** * low paid * ended in mid-1880 → enclosures more open range with barded-wire 1880s: 2 terrible winters many cattle died \> reorganized land

Answer 67

Began: [California Gold Rush](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Thirteen-4ae546c53e8d440eb5883919cfe54588) (**1840s**) * unattached men 1870s: * Chinese families * 3./4 California What: 1. mines 2. domestic workers 3. factories

Answer 68

***Desert*** **1840s**: moved Great Salt Lake Value * wanted religous freedom * called empire "*Desert*" ***Conflict*** Unpopular: polygamy & connection between church and state conflict settlers * Tension with land issues * federal toops in Salt Lake City **1857**: **Mountain Meadows Massacre** mormons attack wagon train of non-mormons * 100 people dead * * * **1880s**: Utah banned polygamy (wanted accepted into Union)

Answer 69

**1857**: **_Mountain Meadows Massacre_** mormons attack wagon train of non-mormons * 100 people dead

Answer 70

West and Plain Indians Incorporation West in nation → doom Indians _before CW_: less hostility → trade _after CW_: conflict

Answer 71

Short-lived "Peace Policy" **1869**: Grant announced "**_peace policy_**" * short lived Set out destrou foundation Indian life

Answer 72

**1871**: Congree eliminted treaty system of revolutionary eara *government negotiated with Indians as if Independent nation* Established: *_Bureau Indian Affairs_* * assualt Indian culture 1. boarding schools Indian children (turn white)

Answer 73

crucial step _attacking "tribalism":_ 1. broke up land nearly all tribes to be distributed Indian families 2. Indians become American become full-fledged American citizens Result: disaster 1. loss indian land 2. erosion culture

Answer 74

Many laws and treaties = offered Indians right become American citizens 1. left tribal setting 2. assimilate into American society Reality: strong tribal ties → few Indians became citizens * * * western courts ruled rights of **Reconstruction Amendments** → **not apply**

Answer 75

Supreme court agreed western ruling (*Reconstruction Amendments not apply Indians)* _Who_: **John Elk** (gave up tribal status and moved Omaha; worked & pay tax) _What_: claim voting rights and citizenship rejected appeal * * * By **1900**: 53,000 Indians American citizens **1901**: 100,000 Indians ctiizenship

Answer 76

**Religious revitalization campaign** * foretold day whites would disappear, bufflo return, practice customs * Gatherings: singing, dancing, religious stuff

Answer 77

Response: feared uprising → sent troops **December 29, 1890**: **_Wounded Knee Massacre_** * open fire Ghost Dances * 150-200 dead Response: * appaud press * exonerated troops & 20 Medal of Honor Relevance **Marked end 4 centuries armed conflict**

Answer 78

**December 29, 1890**: **_Wounded Knee Massacre_** * open fire Ghost Dances * 150-200 dead Response: * appaud press * exonerated troops & 20 Medal of Honor

Answer 79

* global process * moved boldly into interior region where: Argentina, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, USA ***"Settler Societies"*** 1. immigratns oversease quickly outnumbered natives 2. displaced original peoples

Answer 80

Disrupted view American freedom as populat seld-goverment * * * **1873**: Wisconsin Supreme Court: > Power threatened american democracy: "Which Shall Rule, wealth or man?" why: * lobbying common as much power as elected chamber * West: lawmakers stocks in large companies

Answer 81

most notorious example corruption _Crédit Mobilier_: formed ring Union Pacific Railroad stockholders * oversea government-assisted construction what: * allowed participants sign contracts with selve and make profit

Answer 82

**Republicans:** * industrial North * Midwest and agrarian West * Strong in revivalist churches * Protestand immigrants * Blacks 1870s: Supported High Tariff protect industry high fiscal policy 1. reducted national debt 2. withdrawing reenbacks Favored eastern industrialists and banker's interst * disadvantage west and south * opposed High tariff * * * **Democrats:** * South * Catholics (Irish-Americans)

Answer 83

what: created merit system federal employees * first step establish official civil service

Answer 84

**Civil Service Act of 1883** what: created merit system federal employees * first step establish official civil service Regulating Economy **1887**: **Interstate Commerce Commission** (ICC) why: response public outcries railroad practices what: transportation rates "reasonable" * little impact * * * **1890**: **Sherman Antitrust Act** what: banned combination and practices restained free trade * vague * impossible enforce

Answer 85

_why_: response public outcries railroad practices _what_: transportation rates "reasonable" * little impact

Answer 86

what: banned combination and practices restained free trade * vague * impossible enforce