Unit 09: 1980 - Present Flashcards
You’ll learn about the advance of political conservatism, developments in science and technology, and demographic shifts that had major cultural and political consequences in this period. Topics may include: • Reagan and conservatism • The end of the Cold War • Shifts in the economy • Migration and immigration • Challenges of the 21st century On The Exam 4%–6% of score (174 cards)
1
Q
How did the Supreme Court revise the Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) hearing in 2003?
A
affirmative action legitimate interest creating a “diverse” student body
2
Q
♣
Chapter 27:
From Triumph to Tragedy
(1989-2004)
♣
A
3
Q
What happened during the Gulf War?
A
- Iraq annexed Kuwait (dictator: Saddam Hussein)
- fearing attack on Saudi Arabia: Bush rushed troops to defend Kuwait
- 1991: launched Operation Desert Storm
- drove Iraqi army from Kuwait
- UN ordered Iraq disarm and imposed economic sanctions produced suffering
- Hussein still leader
4
Q
Who won the election in 1991?
A
Bill Clinton (Bush would have won due to increased approval rating after Gult War but it was followed by a recession)
5
Q
How did Clinton deviate from Reagan and Bush in his first year? (culturally)
A
- appointed several blacks and women
- modified military’s stict ban on gay soldiers:
“Don’t ask, don’t tell” policy- officers not seek out gays for dismissle
6
Q
What economic changes did Clinton make?
A
- Raised taxes on the wealthy
- expanded Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) →cash payment low-income workers during Ford Adminisration
7
Q
How did Clinton’s economic policies echo his predecessors passion for free trade?
A
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
- created a free-trade zone consisting of Canada, Mexico, and US
8
Q
What happened after the Republicans gained control of both houses of Congress since the 1950s?
A
“Freedom Revolutiion”
9
Q
What was Newt Gingrichs platform during the Freedom Revolution?
A
Contract with America:
promised curtain scope of government, cuts on tax and environmental regulations, overhual welfare system, end affirmative action?
Implimentation:
- approved cuts
- shut down nonessential operations
10
Q
How did Clinton rebuild his popularity in 1946?
A
- Campaign against radical Congress*
- opposed mose extreme parts & adopted others
11
Q
Why did Clinton end the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) in 1996?
A
- new grant system replaced it
- welfare rolls plummeted
12
Q
What was Clinton’s approach to foreign policy?
A
- like Carter
- encourage settlement long-standing international conflicts
- elevate support human rights
13
Q
What similarities did Jimmy Carter and Clinton’s foreign policy have?
A
- elevate support human rights
- struggled to put the rhetoric into policy
Ex: Rwanda Genocide (1994): US did nothing
14
Q
What was the Baltic Crisis in 1989?
A
- disintegration of Yogoslavia (muti-ethinic state in southeastern Europe)
- communist government ruled since 1940: collapsed in 1989
- Country dissolved into 5 states:
- Balkan Crisis: ethinic conflicts plauged several nations
15
Q
how did Clinton and the UN respond to the Balkan crisis and ethnic cleansing?
A
- most complex foreign policy crisis
- gave NATO new purpose:
- launched 2 month war in 1999 agianst
- Yugoslavian troops and local Serbs
conducted
ethnic cleansing against the Albanian population of Kosovo
16
Q
How did “human rights” play a more important during the Clinton presidency?
A
- 100s nongovernmental agencies
- defined selves as protectors of human rights
17
Q
How did the 21th century see a radical change in globalization?
A
- companies such as Microsoft worldwide reach
- unprecedented scope
- collapse of communism opened new space to spread capitalism
18
Q
How did the collapse of communist regime see a renewed desire for a lack of government regulations in the US?
A
- critisized regulation of wages and working conditions, environment
19
Q
How did American presidents tie capitalism to global freedom?
A
During the 1990s, presidents Bush, a Republican,
and Clinton, a Democrat, both spoke of an
American mission to create a single global free
market as the path to rising living standards,
the spread of democracy, and greater worldwide
freedom.
20
Q
What was the anitglobalization movement?
A
- challenge consequences
- accelerated worldwide creation of wealth
- widended gap between rich and poor countries & haves and have-nots
21
Q
How did Clinton change the government’s budget?
A
- Reagan and Bush leave behind massive deficit
- Clinton created surplus in second term
- due to increased economic growth and taxes
22
Q
What was the Computer Revolution in the 1990s?
A
dawn of “new economy”
computers and internet produce new efficiencies
- developed high-speed military communications network
- expanded flow of information
23
Q
How did the Computer Revolution result in another stock market boom? What was the result?
A
Investors poured funds into stocks, spurred by rise of discount and online firms
- attracted to new “dot coms” (companies conducted business via Internet)
- many “high-tech” companies not turn profit
- April 14, 2000: Dot-Com Bubble Burst
- largest one-day point drop in history
- apparent stock market boom fueld partially fraud (Enron reported billions of profits while operating losses)
24
Q
A
25
How did the repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act (1999) affect stocks?
_Act_: New Deal measure separates commerical banks from investment banks
_Effects of repeal_:
* stock frauds
* poured money into risky mortgages
* housing bulle collapsed in 2008:
banks suffered losses threaten bring down entire financial systeem
26
How did the book beginning in 1995 affect Americans?
*Benefitted nearly all Americans*
* real wages increased
* family incomes grow
* still: poor and middle-class became poorer while the rich became richer
27
How did NAFTA result in outsourcing?
* continued shift manufacturing jobs to Mexico - cheaper
* downwards pressure US wages
* Businesses increaed relied on finanical operations from profits rather than making things
28
How did immigration reform since WW2 change the country's religious and racial map?
Immigrants moved into outlying neighborhoods and older sububrs
## Footnote
*no longer concentrated in one part of a city*
29
How did post-1965 immigration form part of worldwide uprooting of labor arising from globalization?
* migrants to US:
* poor and illiterate refugees
* well-educated professionals
30
What change in the sex of immigrants took place post-1965?
* majority women
* reflected decline manufactoring jobs previously absored immigrant men
* spread of opportunity
31
Describe Mexican immigration to the US in the 1990s.
*Massive amounts of legal and illegal immigrations*
* why:
* poverty
* high brithrate
* proximity to US
32
How did the presence of Latino communities change in the US?
* largest minority population
* poorer than rest of the country
* flux of legal and undocumented
* low-wage urban jobs
33
Desribed the increased racial pluralism in the US
1. increased visibility of Asians and Latinos
2. interracial marriages more common and acceptable
34
Decribe the increased prison population in the 1990s.
* due to "tough on crime"
* crime rates decline → prison population increase
35
Describe the racial disparity in the prison system
* percentage blacks 5 times higher than whites
* 1/4 all black men spent time in prison during their lives
*
36
What was teh Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)?
*prohibited discrimination on the basis of disabilities*
37
How did the gay rights campagin that movements that lost intensity after the 60s gain support agian in the 90s?
1. Campaign for gay rights
attention to combating acquired **AIDS**
* epidemic among gay men
* promote "safe sex" and press federal governemtn devote greater resources fighting disease
2. Increased role in politics
38
Which movements that lost intensity after the 60s were revived in the 90s?
1. Gay rights campaign
2. American Indian movement
39
Describe the resurgence of the American Indian movement in the 90s.
* population growth
* renewed sense of pride: many first time identify themselves as AI in census
* still economic hardships
40
How did some Americans respond to increased immigration, raicla minorities, inheritors of sexual revolution?
* Not celebrate multicultualism*
* Alarm over **cultural fragmentation***
* result: Cultural Wars (battle over moral values raged hrough 90s)
41
What was the Christian Coalition in the 90s?
* started Pat Robertson (evangelical)
* crusade against gay rights, abortion, secularism in public schools
42
***Casey v. Planned Parenthood of Pennsylvania*** (1992)
* reaffirmed women's right to terminate pregnancy
* overturned requirement husband be notified before procedure was undertaken
43
How did private militias grow in the 90s?
* racial fringe of conservatism
* belief federal government posed threat to American freedom
* private militias armed themselves to fend off oppression
44
What led to the possible impeachment of Clinton in 1998?
* became known Clinton had sex Monica Lewinsky (White House intern)
* 1998: Republican house voted to impeach Clinton
* not successful
45
How did Clinton's continued popularity during the sex impeachment represent societal values?
demonstrated how profoundly traditional attitudes
toward
sexual morality had changed.
46
What happened during the election in 2000?
* closest in history (between Al Gore and George W. Bush)
* SC determine outcome: ***Bush v. Gore***
* oddest SC case
* justified decision with "equal protection clause" required all ballots be within state counted according single standard
* Bush Won
47
What challenges faced American democracy at the end of 2000?
* electoral college → gave precidency to candidate not recieve the most votes
* country: voting system in which citizens choices were not relaible
48
What was 9/11? (September 11, 2001)
* hijachers seized control 4 jet airlines filled with passengers
* crashed 2 into World Trade Center
* 3rd: wing of the Pentagon
* 4rth: passangers overpowered hijachers
* Crashed in field in Pittsburgh killing all
49
What was the response to 9/11?
* blamed Al Qaeda (leader: Osama bin Laden)
* fought with USSR in Afganistan
* hates US
* new urgancy to answer: *Should the US act in the world as a republic or an empire?*
50
How did the events of 9/11 change public support of the government?
* increased government support
* public trust rose dramatically
* public servants = national heros
## Footnote
*renewal feeling of common social purpose*
51
What was the Bush Doctrine?
*US would launch as war on terrorism*
* new foreign polkcy
* war on terrorism
* vaguely defined enemy
* demanded Taliban give up Laden → refusal
* 2001: launched airstrike
52
What was Bush's "Enduring Freedom?"
War on Afghanistan
1. end 2001: combination of US bombing and ground combat by Northern Alliance (Afghans fought Taliban) driven the regime from power
2. New government: dependent US
not establish full control of the country
53
Who were the "Axis of Evil?"
1. Iraq
2. Iran
3. North Korea
54
What was the international response to 9-11?
* wave of sympathy
* supported war in Afghanistan → response to terrorist attacks
* 2002: US claiming the right to act as world policeman in violation of international law
55
Why did Bush announce a goal of "regime change" in Iraq in 2002?
* conservatives wanted to remove Saddam Hussein from power → saw 9-11 as an opportunity
* no evidence Iraq anything to do with it
* Regime change: Hussein
* ousted from power because he developed arsenal of chemical and bacterial weapons (no independent investigations
* turned out to be false
* successful
56
How did the Iraq War split the Western alliance?
* inspired massive antiwar movement in the world
* Chian, Russian, Germany, France: not support "preemptive" strike on Iraq
57
What happened after the fall of Hussein's regime?
* looting and chaos followed
* insurgency developed →
* targeted US soldiers and Iraqis cooperating with them
* Shiite and Sunni Muslim fighting
58
What similarities did American involvement in Iraq and Vietnam have?
*Little knowledge of the countries which they sent troops*
59
How did the Iraq War mark a departure in American foreign policy?
* enormous power in WW2
* never occupied nation
60
How did the war on terror raise questions about freedom and security?
problem of balancing security and liberty
61
What was the USA Patriot Act? (2001)
* conferred uprecedented power on law-enforcement agencies
* preventing new, vaguely-defined crime of "domestic terrorism"
1. spying citizens
2. open letters
62
How did Americans respond to increase citizen survaliance and government power post 9-11?
Willing to accept contention that retains time-honors liberties to fight terorism
63
How did the Bush adminitration try to undermine international law in relation to torture?
* insisted aftermath of 9-11 US not be bound by international law
* eager sidestep Geneva Conventions & International Convention aginst Torture
* 2003: prohibited use of torture
* CIA series of jails in foreign nations \> kidnapped suspects
64
How did the torture practices of the Bush adminitration become known true toe Abu Ghraib prison?
* Iraqi prison
* beat prisoners & electric shock & attacked dogs & strip and lie atop other prisoners
* photos circulated - public
* undermined reputation of US as a country adheres standard civil liberties
* full extend torture only known in 2014
* not just a few bad apples
* systematically employed at secret US prisons
65
How did the SC respond to the Bush misuse of powers internationally?
dispoved→ reaffired rule of law both domestically and internationally
66
***Hamdi v. Rumsfeld*** (2004)
* lawsuit of Yasir Hamdi (American citizen moved Saudi Arabia been captured in Afghanistan. Imprisoned military jail in South Carolina without hearing)
* ruled ***right to judicial heearing***
67
***Hamdan v. Rumsfeld*** (2006)
* 2 justices replaced → more conservative
* still rebuke to key presumptions of Bush administration:
* said Geneva Convensions not apply to prisoners captured in war on terror
* Prisoners of war → **law of the land**
68
***Boumediene v. Bush*** (2008)
affirmed detainees' right to challenge their detention in US counts
The decision was a powerful affirmation that constitutional rights remain intact during wartime.
69
♣
Chapter 28:
A Divided Nation
♣
70
Who won the election in 2004?
**George W. Bush**
(unliked due to Iraq War)
(opponent John Kerry aloof and out of touch)
71
How did Bush say he will approach foreign policy in his second inaugural speech?
"**ending tyranny in the world**" and stop imposing on other governments
However, due to chaos in Iraq and corruption scandals → eroded standing
72
What was the effect of **Hurricane Katrina** (2005)?
* destroyed New Orleans
* inept local government response:
* slow order evacuate
* little preparation
* Shattered Bush image of effectively dealing with disaster
* illustrated heroism of common individuals
73
how did fears of terrorism affect border relations in the US? How did Bush and Obama respond?
boarder merged _older worries about undocented_ immigrations and _fear of terrorism_
* accelerated effort to police border
* increased deportations
* increased militarized Latino communities
74
Why did immigration come into center stage again in 2006? How did the HoR respond?
* millions undocumented newcomers \> lost control of borders
* reason for stagnation of real wages
Result: Bill **felony to be in the country illlegally** and **crime aid undocumented**
* response: series massive demostrations 2006 by immigrants & supporters
* right to remain in the country
* Congress not respond
75
What was the competing view about the economic impact of increased illegal immigration in 2000s?
* Oppopents:
* Presence uneducatead, low-skill workers: push down wages at the bottom of the economic ladded
* Proponents:
* Also spend money, pay taxes
* take jobs Americans seem to be unavailable with wages are too low
76
What was Samuel P. Huntington's book (1996) *The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order* about?
argued Cold War over → new global conflict impending between Western and Islamic civilizations
* felt Samuel reduced policies and things to one thing: religion
* changed after 9-11:
* **Pitted freedom-loving US against militant, authoritarian Muslims**
77
How were Muslims in the US treated after 9-11?
* Bush said was on terror - not Islam
* Americans difficult separate two
* some claimed Islam fundamentally incompatible American life
* politicians appeal people constructing new mosque and raising nonexistent threats that courts impose "Sharia Law"
78
***Obergefell v. Hodges*** (2015)
*Overturned state law barring marriages for same-sex couples*
79
***Lawrence v. Texas*** (2003)
*Texas law unconstitutional making sexual acts between same sex gender a crime*
* paved way for Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) ruling
* overturned state law barring marriages for same-sex couples
80
Describe the Midterm election of 2006.
* Bush upopular: Wars and scandals
* Dems control both houses of Congress first time since 1994
81
What was Bush's legacy?
* little substantive achievements
* Foreign policy: alienated world
* US militarily weakend and diplomatically isolated
82
What was the leadup to the economic crisis of 2008?
* 2001: recovery
* 2007: recession
* 2008: Brink of collapse
_What_:
1. combination public and private policies → favored economic speculation & get-rich quick schmes over traditional avenues for growth
2. Federal Reserve interst rates very low
* Housing prices rose rapidly
* Consumer debt increased rapidly
3. borrowing → increased spending
* cheap imports from China
* allow spending even due to stagflation
4. Wall Street complex new way of repackaging morgages to investors
* credit ratings agencies gave securities highest rankings
**Believe market regulate itself, Fed did noting to slow the speculative frenzy**
83
What was the Bubble Busts in 2008?
* home ownes owed more and more money than their homes where worth
* Morgage rates incraeased: borrowers defaulted
* Banks suddenly billions of dollars of worthless investments
1. stoped making loans
2. businesses dried up
3. stock market collapsed
* Result: Americans cut back spending → business failings and rapid rise in unemployment
* Meltdown confidence Americans had: unemployed, stock investment & pensions disappear
## Footnote
**April 2009: Great Recession**
84
How did the Great Recession result in resentment to bankers and stockbrokers (Wall Street)?
Lost confidence
* fired 240,000 employees
* paid out $20 billion bonuses to executives
85
How did governments respond to the malfeasance of banks after 2007? how was it inadequate?
* forced to pay respective governments fines ($100 billion)
* why:
1. financing tax evasion
2. fixing foreign currency exchange rates
3. misleading regulators about activities
_Inadequate response_:
* only a minor amount of profits made
* JP Morgan Chase & Citibank: pleadged guillty felony conspiracy charges → no meaningful punishments
86
What was the Bernard Madoff scancal in 2010?
* Who: Wall Street investro claimed made enormous proftis for clients
* Ponzi scheme (*investors wanted retrieve money were paid funds from new participants)*
* fictitious monthly payments
* Collapsed: investors lost $50 billion
exposed dark side of market fundamentalism: _ethos deregulation domincated world affairs_
87
What was Bush's response to the 2008 collapse?
congres approved $700 billion dollar bail out to floundering firms
* deemed "to big to fail" → interconnected with other instutions that their collapse drive econoomy into depression
* through federal bailouts: taxpayers temporary ownership companies
* health banking system still fragile
88
how ddi the crisis in 2008 reveal to limits of American societal security?
* Europe:
* worker lost job: months of unemployment insurence
* US:
* 1/3 persons qualify unemployment insurance
* abolished "welfare" during Clinton presidency → patchwork of few national programs such as food stamps
* poor dependent states: budgets collapsed
89
How did Obama's story exemplify enormous changes since 60?
without civil rights movement: election inconceivable
* product interracial marriage
* won 2008 campaign
90
Who won the 2008 election?
Barack Obama
91
What issues did Obama face with his entrance into office?
1. economic crisis
2. promised foreign based on diplomacy rather than unilated force
92
Describe Obamas first three month's policy.
1. banned torture
2. launched diplomatic initiave repaire Muslim world
3. reversed execultive orders limiting women's reproductive rights
4. abandoned Bush's rhetoric about God-given American mission to spread freedom
93
What was Obama's first budget recall?
recall the New Deal and Great Society
* support health-care
* clean energy
* public education
"stimulus package" $800 billion for construction, extension unemployment benefits, aid states enable balance budgets
94
What was the healthcare debate in Obama's presidency?
* Debate:
* insurance coverage American lacked it
* end absusive pratices by insurance companies
95
What was the **Affordable Care Act** (2010)? What partisan oppostion arose?
* required all Americans purchase health insurance and most businesses provide it
* Offered subsidies persons of modest incomes
Partisan Opposition:
* "government takeover" of health-care industry
* through presidency: opposed by Republicans
96
How successful was "Obamacare" (Affordable Care Act)?
* 16 million uninsured Americans obtained medical coverage
* SC twice rejected challenges to the constitutionality of Obamacare
97
What was Obama's plan to regulate the financial sector?
* sought to place under increased federal oversight many of the transactions
* not require breakups of banks deemend "too big to fail"
* issuing new regulations watering down when banks compalined
98
Describe the effect of Obamas first year and a half in office.
*Most dramatic domestic reform legislation since the Great Society*
* failures:
* healcare not include "public option" (governemtn would offer medical insurance to those desiring it)
* chose economic advisors from Wall Street
* underestimated depths of crisis
* Deindrustrialization continued
99
How did the economic (partially) recover in 2014?
Improvements:
* consumer spending and confidence rose
* unemployment fall
* home sales rose
* stock market record levels
Exception: STAGNANT WAGES
* decline power of unoins
* rise of value of stocks
Top 1% entire benenfti of the recovery
Real income declined
result: **unequal distribution of wealth**
100
How did inequality rise to the public stage in 2011?
* September 17: dozen young protestors unrolled sleeping bags in Zuccotti Park (NYC's finanical district)
* vowed to "**Occupy Wall Street"** protest (1) inequality, (2) declining opportunity, (3) banks' malfeasance
* weeks: 100s people camped out & rallies
* used social media → spread movement
101
how is the US economy unequal compared to other developed nations?
The United States was by far the world’s most unequal developed economy
* falling behind other developed nations
102
Describe the effect of the recession on AA?
*suffered most severely from the recession*
103
How did many view Obama's election to office in relation to race relations in the US?
* discussion that racial inequality was in the past
"post-racial" America
104
***Shelby Country v. Holden*** (2013)
* SC invalidated the heart of **Voting Rights Act of 1965**
* Since states identified in the law, most of them in the Old South, no longer discriminated
on the basis of race, the majority declared, they should no longer be required to
gain permission from the Justice Department before changing their election laws.
* _result_:
* flood of laws in Republican-control states → limiting right to vote for poor people of all raes
105
How did the deaths of Trayvon Martin and Eric Garner spur the rise of the Black Rise Matter movement? (2013)
**Trayvon Martin**:
* Trayvon Martin (black teen):
* walked through Floria neighborhood to visit father
* accosted George ZImmerman (white member of "neighborhood watch")
* shot and killed Martin
* jury acquitted Zimmerman of all charges
**Eric Garner**:
* selling cigaretes on Stanten Island
* died after being wrestled to ground and choked by policy
* "choke holds" illegal → jury not press charges
*Other similar deaths as well*
_Results_: **Black Lives Matter**
106
What is the Black Lives Matter movement?
*demanded police pratices changed and officers used extensive force held accountable*
* public voice many AA
* used social media to mobolize people
* historical precedents in abolitionaism with slogan "Am I Not a Man and a Brother?"
107
What was the most dramatic change to foreign policy during the Obama Administration? Which of Bush's policies continued?
* Dramatic change*: End Iraq War*
* Continued:
* increased American presence in Afghanistan (pledged withdrawal end 2014, failed)
* revered previous promite to abolish military tribunals
* signed extension of key provisions of USA Patriot Act (2011)
* (2011) authorized armed raid into Pakistan = resulted death of Osama bin Laden
108
How did Obama change the half-century policy of isolating Cuba?
Isolationist policy:
1. outlived since Cold War
2. make US seem petty and vindictive
What:
* resumed diplomatic relations
109
What challenges arose after the dictorial regimes in Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya were ended in 2011?
* freedom emerged as rallying cry
* Tension between strategic intersts and ideals of freedom = challenging for policymakers
* US sided those seeking ouster Egyptian dictator (American ally)
* stood sidelines as Egypt overrun by the Muslim Brotherhood
110
What issues did Obama have in his second term with ISIS?
* Islamic State took control of parts of Iraq, Syria, and Libya
* brutallity, beheading prisoners of war, driving religious minorities out of territory
* posed on social media
* sponsored terrorist attacks outside of Middle East
111
How did Obama approach Bush's citizen survaliance policies?
*Continued policies of governmental surveillance (domestic and overseas)*
112
How did the extent of Obama's surveillance system become known?
2013 **Edwards Snowden**: realeased documents outlining NSA program monitored virtually all telephones & spied on close allies of US
* to avoid prosecution: residence in Russia
* rekindled debate over balance between national security and civil liberties
113
Describe the republican resurgence during Obama's presidency.
* Grassroots Republicans: **Tea Party**
* energized hostility to Obama's legislation
* fueld intense nativism
* took control of HoR and reduced Dems majority in Senate
* political gridlock (lasted remainder Obama's presidency)
114
What were the effects of the Tea Party's influence in 2010?
1. states moved to curtain abortion rights
2. aim at undocumented immigrations
115
Who won the 2012 presidential election?
Mitt Romney (Republican candidate)
* disliked by conservatives: Mormon and health-care plan similar to Obamas
Obama (Democratic candidate)
116
How did the 2012 election relfect the monetary side of campaning?
* unprecedented amount of money spent
* ***Citizens United v. Federal Elections Commission***:
overturn federal restrictions political contributions by corportions
* conservative majority
117
(2010) ***Citizens United v. Federal Elections Commission:***
* overturn federal restrictions political contributions by corportions
* conservative majority
118
Who were the candidates in the 2016 election?
* Dem: Hillary Clinton (beat Bernie Sandars)
* Republican: Donald Trump (17 other candidates that fought with eachother)
119
How did Trump's campaign appeal to racial and gender resentment?
* appeal racial and gender resentment spawned growing diversity of American society & rapid changes in gender roles
* sense of Americans being left behind after the Great Recession
* not speak much about freedom:
* slogans "Make America Great Again" and "America First"
* reject ideal US should seek to reject the idea US should seek remake other countries in own image
* casts douts on NATO
* Strong racial component:
* part of "brither" movement → Obama born in Africa and ineligble for presidency
* condemned immigration as rapists and murderers
120
What made Trump's campaign unusual?
* not conventional: little television ads, not seek newspaper endorsement
* Spread via social media and rallies
121
What did Trump's victory represent?
* revolt against political establishment
* blamed job losses, stagnant wages, large-scale immigration
* wanted strong authority figure
122
Which of Trumps policies where "standard conservative Republican fare?"
1. increased military spending
2. oppostion women's reproductive rights
3. deregulation economy
4. tried to repeal Affordable Care Act
no alternative → failed
5. keeped up "supply-side" economic outlook
123
What were the effects of Trump's tax cuts?
Corporations use tax
* not for productive purposes
* bought back own stocks, enriched investors and corporate executives
Wages increased continue lag behind:
124
How did Trump break from Republican free trade orthoxody?
* Raised tariffs on imported goods from China, Canada, and Euroep*
result: "trade war"
125
What was the Mueller Investigation?
* evidence accumulated that Russian interfered in 2016 election
* spreading disinformation on social media
* hacking into email servies
* Putin promote Trump
* Robert Muller (Justice Department): special prosecutor to determine if illegal collusion occured
* also investigated Trump allies
* Final report: **no evidence of conspiracy**
126
How did Trump change immigration policy?
* "shutdown" on Muslim immigation
* 2018: remove children from parents at border
127
How did the Trump administration approach climate change?
* Turned back on Obama and rest of the world
* Republicans reject the scientific consensus
2017: withdrew form **Paris Agreement** (US only country not to commit to reduce emmision)
128
What was the **Women's March**? (2017)
*International protest for women's rights, LGBT rights, gender equality, and racial equality*
129
What is the **Me Too movement**?
* brought to light evidence of rampant sexual harassment
* Prominent women demanded punishment for offenders
* Charges sexual misconduct led to firing or resignation of figures
130
# 09.01 Shifting Ideology
Following the 1960s, what did neoconservatives believe had happened to the nation's sense of morals? (5 points)
1. They had improved.
2. They had deteriorated.
3. They had positively influenced other countries.
4. They had failed to adapt to changing business practices.
**2.** They had deteriorated
131
# 09.01 Shifting Ideology
What did conservatives denounce as part of the problem eroding the economy and American family values? (5 points)
1. Big government
2. Advertising
3. Television
4. Big business
**1.** Big government
132
# 09.01 Shifting Ideology
**Question refers to the excerpt below.**
* "In particular, the legislation provides many new benefits, benefits like respite care and prescription drugs. Since these have never been covered by Medicare, we have no real way of knowing how much these services will cost ... The program, after all, is to be paid for by the elderly themselves. So, we must control the costs of these new benefits, or we'll harm the very people we're trying to help. And yet, if administered with prudence, this program can, as I said, provide countless Americans with peace of mind."*
* —President Reagan, 1988*
The expansion of Medicare directly contradicted which of President Reagan's political platforms? (5 points)
1. Reduction of federal taxes
2. Elimination of governmental controls over business
3. Reduction of government
4. Elimination of medical insurance requirements
**3.** Reduction of government
133
# 09.01 Shifting Ideology
Which movement was started by a leader of the Christian Right in 1979? (5 points)
1. The Moral Majority
2. The American Society
3. Family First
4. God's Promise
**1.** The Moral Majority
134
# 09.01 Shifting Ideology
Which trend has made it difficult for the federal government to continue supporting Great Society programs? (5 points)
1. A decrease in federal tax revenue
2. A drop in the average age of the population
3. A steady decrease in voter turnout rates among the elderly
4. A steady decline in domestic manufacturing
**1.** A decrease in federal tax revenue
135
# 09.01 Shifting Ideology
Reagan's economic program, known as "supply-side economics" relied on (5 points)
1. tax cuts and high interest rates
2. tax cuts specifically for low-income Americans
3. tax increases and low interest rates
4. tax cuts specifically for multinational corporations
**1.** tax cuts and high interest rates
136
# 09.01 Shifting Ideology
How did OPEC affect the United States in the 1970s? (5 points)
1. It protected and supported terrorists and their activities, especially when targeting the United States.
2. It placed an embargo on oil, driving up prices for gasoline and other related products in the United States.
3. It was a military alliance that committed the United States to the defense of Israel against several Arab countries.
4. It was an Arab political party that prevented democracy in the Middle East or trade with the United States.
**2.** It placed an embargo on oil, driving up prices for gasoline and other related products in the United States
137
# 09.01 Shifting Ideology
**Question refers to the excerpt below.**
* "Energy will be the immediate test of our ability to unite this nation, and it can also be the standard around which we rally. On the battlefield of energy we can win for our nation a new confidence, and we can seize control again of our common destiny."*
* —President Jimmy Carter, from a speech, 1979*
President Carter's concern with energy is a reflection of what challenge in the 1970s? (5 points
1. Dependence on foreign oil
2. Restrictions in coal mining
3. Unavailability of natural gas
4. Fears about climate change
**1.** Dependence on foreign oil
138
# 09.01 Shifting Ideology
Which of the following factors most directly contributed to the trend shown in this chart? (5 points)
1. Disagreements between the United States and OPEC
2. Failed peace talks between the United States and Saudi Arabia
3. Rising unemployment due to increased mechanization
4. Improved efficiency of newer-model vehicles
**1.** Disagreements between the United States and OPEC
139
# 09.01 Shifting Ideology
**Question refers to the excerpt below.**
* "These efforts will cost money, a lot of money, and that is why Congress must enact the windfall profits tax without delay. It will be money well spent. Unlike the billions of dollars that we ship to foreign countries to pay for foreign oil, these funds will be paid by Americans to Americans. These funds will go to fight, not to increase, inflation and unemployment."*
* —President Jimmy Carter, from a speech, 1979*
How did President Carter's philosophy, as shown in this excerpt, contrast with that of President Reagan? (5 points)
1. Carter believed deregulating businesses would fight inflation and unemployment.
2. Carter believed reducing trade barriers would fight inflation and unemployment.
3. Carter believed increasing taxes would fight inflation and unemployment.
4. Carter believed decreasing taxes would fight inflation and unemployment.
**3.** Carter believed increasing taxes would fight inflation and unemployment
140
# 09.02 Foreign Policy
What was the Reagan Doctrine?
* president's foreign policy of supporting anti-Communist revolutions.
* In contrast to containment, the Reagan Doctrine did not shy away from directly confronting Soviet-supported regimes or groups and led to U.S. involvement in conflicts around the world. Sometimes U.S. support favored groups that, while not Communist, were not democratic either.
* The most controversial of these efforts was in Nicaragua.
141
# 09.02 Foreign Policy
President Reagan opposed Communism so strongly that he (5 points)
1. provided support to undemocratic foreign groups that also opposed Communism
2. refused to meet with Mikhail Gorbachev when they were in the same country together
3. wrote a "doctrine" outlining the ways all Americans must fight Communism in their homes
4. delivered a speech to all members of the Soviet Union urging them to leave for America
**1.** provided support to undemocratic foreign groups that also opposed Communism
142
# 09.02 Foreign Policy
**Question refers to the excerpt below.**
* "A few months ago, I told the American people I did not trade arms for hostages. My heart and my best intentions still tell me that's true, but the facts and evidence tell me it is not."*
* —President Reagan, in a national address, 1987*
What was the event that forced President Reagan to make this address? (5 points)
1. Iran-Contra affair
2. Fall of the Berlin Wall
3. Marine barracks bombing in Lebanon
4. Invasion of Grenada
**1.** Iran-Contra affair
143
# 09.02 Foreign Policy
The Reagan Doctrine assumed that political instability, especially in the third world, resulted from (5 points)
1. undemocratic regimes
2. terrorist organizations
3. influence of the Soviet Union
4. attacks by Contra rebels
**3.** influence of the Soviet Union
144
# 09.02 Foreign Policy
**Question refers to the excerpt below.**
* "Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!"*
* —President Ronald Reagan, speech at the Brandenburg Gate, 1987*
What was Reagan's intention when giving this speech? (5 points)
1. To open West Germany to American trade
2. To increase tensions between East and West Berliners
3. To reduce Soviet control in Eastern Europe
4. To keep Americans in fear of Communism
**3.** To reduce Soviet control in Eastern Europe
145
# 09.02 Foreign Policy
**Question refers to the excerpt below.**
* "The threats we face today as Americans respect no nation's borders. Think of them: terrorism, the spread of weapons of mass destruction, organized crime, drug trafficking, ethnic and religious hatred, aggression by rogue states, environmental degradation. If we fail to address these threats today, we will suffer the consequences in all our tomorrows."*
* —President Clinton, 1996*
Which of the following U.S. invasions was President Clinton justifying in this quote? (5 points)
1. Iraq
2. Bosnia
3. Rwanda
4. Afghanistan
**2.** Bosnia
146
# 09.02 Foreign Policy
Which of the following makes a true statement about the role of the United States in global human rights policy? (5 points)
1. It is a leader in international organizations and peacekeeping missions. However, it has refused to intervene in rights violations that do not affect its citizens.
2. It has remained isolated from international organizations but has created its own policies regarding human rights that are a model for the world.
3. It is a leader in international organizations and peacekeeping missions. However, it has faced foreign criticism for its treatment of terror suspects.
4. It has remained isolated from international organizations so as to prevent any conflicts of interest while it detains and brings terrorists to justice.
**3.** It is a leader in international organizations and peacekeeping missions. However, it has faced foreign criticism for its treatment of terror suspects
147
# 09.02 Foreign Policy
What did the United States accomplish during its War on Terror? (5 points)
1. Had no definitive success in the effort despite massive funding and militarization
2. Arrested and prosecuted all terrorist group leaders hiding in Middle East nations
3. Failed to stop any activities related to terrorism within the country and abroad
4. Successfully removed brutal regimes from power in Iraq and Afghanistan
**4.** Successfully removed brutal regimes from power in Iraq and Afghanistan
148
# 09.02 Foreign Policy
On March 20, 2003, the United States invaded Iraq to seek and capture nuclear and biological weapons of mass destruction. Which of the statements about Iraq's nuclear capabilities is true? (5 points)
1. Nuclear weapons inspectors found no evidence that Iraq had nuclear weapons before the U.S. invasion.
2. Nuclear weapons inspectors found evidence that Iraq had hidden its nuclear weapons before the U.S invasion.
3. Saddam Hussein forcibly removed all nuclear weapons inspectors from Iraq in February 2003.
4. Saddam Hussein allowed nuclear weapons inspections after the U.S. invasion.
**1.** Nuclear weapons inspectors found no evidence that Iraq had nuclear weapons before the U.S. invasion
149
# 09.02 Foreign Policy
Why has the wording of the USA PATRIOT Act been revised since its creation? (5 points)
1. There were historical conflations that left out important subtleties in the differences between international migrants and potential terrorists.
2. Some of the wording was vague and gave the government what some considered unconstitutional abilities to survey and detain people.
3. Many points in the act about the use of weapons and the hidden communication of terrorists in the United States were found to be incorrect.
4. Thousands of people complained that they were unable to travel safely and efficiently because the act was causing mass confusion.
**2.** Some of the wording was vague and gave the government what some considered unconstitutional abilities to survey and detain people
150
Which of the following is a true statement about the effects of terrorism on U.S. immigration? (5 points)
1. It grew stricter in response to fear of terrorists within the domestic borders.
2. It grew less strict as the public demanded safe haven for foreign relatives.
3. It grew less strict in response to the need to bring terrorists to justice in court.
4. It grew stricter as the public demanded a complete closure of all entry points.
**1.** It grew stricter in response to fear of terrorists within the domestic borders
151
# 09.03 Changing Demographics
What was the "Rust Belt?"
Informal name for the portions of the Midwest and Northeast that were major industrial and manufacturing centers in the late 19th and early 20th century
152
# 09.03 Changing Demographics
How does migration relate to the trend shown in the graph? (5 points)
1. International migration to the Northeast and Midwest declined in the later decades of the 20th century.
2. Domestic migration between regions was very rare in the decades before 1970.
3. International migration to the Sun Belt started to grow the population of those areas at a faster rate than other regions.
4. Domestic migration accounts for the majority of growth in all of the regions.
**3.** International migration to the Sun Belt started to grow the population of those areas at a faster rate than other regions
153
# 09.03 Changing Demographics
**Question refers to the excerpt below.**
* "The Refugee Act reflects our long tradition as a haven for people uprooted by persecution and political turmoil. In recent years, the number of refugees has increased greatly. Their suffering touches all and challenges us to help them, often under difficult circumstances. The Refugee Act improves procedures and coordination to respond to the often massive and rapidly changing refugee problems that have developed recently. It establishes a new admissions policy that will permit fair and equitable treatment of refugees in the United States, regardless of their country of origin. It allows us to change annual admissions levels in response to conditions overseas, policy considerations, and resources available for resettlement."*
* —President Jimmy Carter, 1980*
Which of the following was an effect of the Refugee Act of 1980? (5 points)
1. Fewer international migrants were permitted entry.
2. Migration from Latin American countries soared.
3. Women became more likely than men to migrate.
4. Overall migration from European nations declined.
**2.** Migration from Latin American countries soared
154
# 09.03 Changing Demographics
Before 1965, the majority of migrants to the United States came from which of the following areas? (5 points)
1. Asia
2. Africa
3. Europe
4. Latin America
**3.** Europe
155
# 09.03 Changing Demographics
**Question refers to the excerpt below.**
* "Between 1990 and 2010, 30 million Hispanics were added to the American population, representing half the nation's total growth. ... Indeed, the Hispanic presence transformed American life."*
* —Eric Foner, historian*
Which of the following is evidence to support the argument made in the quote? (5 points)
1. Increasing rates of home ownership among all Americans
2. Higher proportions of minorities convicted of crimes
3. Controversy over requiring people to speak English
4. Majority acceptance of diversity
**3.** Controversy over requiring people to speak English
156
# 09.03 Changing Demographics
How has federal legislation since the 1980s reflected American concerns about potential negative effects of international migration? (5 points)
1. It has reinstated the quota system for immigrants from all nations.
2. It has created penalties for those employing illegal immigrants.
3. It has increased requirements for migrants seeking citizenship.
4. It has banned migrants from working in certain industries.
**2.** It has created penalties for those employing illegal immigrants
157
# 09.03 Changing Demographics
Which of the following groups was seen as the "model minority" in recent decades, and why? (5 points)
1. American Indians, because most of them had successfully assimilated into American culture
2. Asian Americans, because they tended to seek higher education and had greater incomes
3. Latino Americans, because they tended to support conservative political groups
4. African Americans, because their rates of poverty had dropped lower than other Americans'
**2.** Asian Americans, because they tended to seek higher education and had greater incomes
158
# 09.03 Changing Demographics
Which of the following social changes does this 2007 photograph of an American family reflect? (5 points)
1. Majority of married women being in the workforce
2. Declining rates of married couples with children
3. Loss of white majority in the population
4. Growing acceptance of interracial marriage
**4.** Growing acceptance of interracial marriage
159
# 09.03 Changing Demographics
Which of the following is true about gender and/or family structure in recent decades? (5 points)
1. Traditional families, with married parents and children, are once again on the rise.
2. Abortion rights supporters face renewed opposition and losses in federal court rulings.
3. The gap in pay between men and women persists in most industries.
4. Pregnancies of unwed women are falling as a portion of total pregnancies.
**3.** The gap in pay between men and women persists in most industries
160
# 09.03 Changing Demographics
Which of the following is true about American identity in recent decades? (5 points)
1. It has remained stagnant, with a focus on a white, English-speaking culture.
2. Diversity has increased the emphasis on Anglicization in schools and the media.
3. National character is more diverse, and multiculturalism is more accepted.
4. People see themselves as part of their ancestral group rather than of the nation.
**3.** National character is more diverse, and multiculturalism is more accepted.
161
**Question refers to the excerpt below.**
* "[I]deological positions about American identity and White supremacy result in the association of bilingualism with inferior intelligence and a lack of patriotism in the United States. The word 'bilingual,' beyond denoting 'speaker of two languages,' has come to symbolize an immigrant, typically a Latino or Latina, who does not—and refuses to—speak English correctly and, therefore, who cannot be considered 'American.'"*
* —David Nieto, from "A Brief History of Bilingual Education in the United States," 2009*
Which of the following ideas does the excerpt support? (5 points)
1. Most international migrants do not see themselves as Americans.
2. Most recent migrants to the United States do not want to learn English.
3. Many Americans define the English language as a basic part of their identity.
4. Many people think that language is not a significant part of national character.
**3.** Many Americans define the English language as a basic part of their identity
162
# 09.04 Globalization
What was APEC trade organization?
A group of countries bordering the Pacific Ocean formed the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, or APEC. Its major members are Australia, China, Japan, Singapore, and the United States. APEC represents about 41 percent of the world's population and 56 percent of the world's gross domestic product . It has a summit each year to discuss economic and political issues.
The vast size and varied political natures among APEC members limit the group's function. It tends to support programs similar to those of other groups like the United Nations and the World Trade Organization.
163
# 09.04 Globalization
What was the WTO organization?
In 1995, the United States helped establish the World Trade Organization, or WTO. The WTO makes guidelines to help members work out disputes over trade and aims to reduce practices that limit trade. An example is reducing taxes on imports, or tariffs. The WTO is largely responsible for easing trade of information technology in the 1990s.
One challenge they have faced is working out rights on intellectual property . For example, say a person had rights to a video game. What requirements, if any, would a French company have to meet to import and sell the game in France? The WTO meets every two years to create policies that the most members can agree upon and cooperates with other international organizations.
164
# 09.04 Globalization
What was the NAFDA trade agreement?
The North American Free Trade Agreement took effect on January 1, 1994. It is an agreement to reduce trade barriers between Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Changes included lowering and eventually eliminating duties and quotas. Duties are taxes on imported products. Quotas are limits to the amounts of imported goods. Canada and Mexico were the largest buyers of U.S. exports in 2010. These exports were mainly agricultural products. The U.S purchases the majority of oil imports from Canada and Mexico.
165
# 09.04 Globalization
According to the graph, what happened to Americans' income between 1980 and 1990? (5 points)
1. There were modest gains in wealth across all classes.
2. The rich grew richer, while the poor grew poorer.
3. Those with middle earnings enjoyed the greatest increase.
4. The wealthiest saw a decline, while the impoverished had no change.
2. The rich grew richer, while the poor grew poorer
166
# 09.04 Globalization
Which of the following best explains the "deindustrialization" of the period after 1980? (5 points)
1. The end of government protection and support for manufacturing
2. The taking over of manufacturing by digital and virtual technology
3. The decline of the manufacturing industry and its related jobs
4. The expansion of industries unrelated to traditional manufacturing
**3.** The decline of the manufacturing industry and its related jobs
167
# 09.04 Globalization
Which of the following is an example of President Bill Clinton's actions that illustrated his commitment to ending the "era of big government"? (5 points)
1. He replaced the old "welfare" program with one that included strict new requirements.
2. He supported expanding free trade agreements and forming new ones.
3. He rejected conservative ideas and campaigned on a traditionally liberal agenda.
4. He sent troops to join other UN forces to end ethnic cleansing in Eastern Europe.
**1.** He replaced the old "welfare" program with one that included strict new requirements
168
# 09.04 Globalization
**Question refers to the excerpt below.**
* "Fifty years ago, at the end of World War II, an unchallenged America was protected by the oceans and by our technological superiority and, very frankly, by the economic devastation of the people who could otherwise have been our competitors. We chose then to try to help rebuild our former enemies and to create a world of free trade supported by institutions which would facilitate it. ... As a result, jobs were created, and opportunity thrived all across the world. ... For the last 20 years... the middle class that was created and enlarged by the wise policies of expanding trade at the end of World War II has been under severe stress."*
* –President Bill Clinton, from a 1993 speech*
What argument was President Clinton making about NAFTA by mentioning the end of World War II? (5 points)
1. Support NAFTA because expanding free trade will improve the U.S. economy, as well as partner economies.
2. Do not support NAFTA because it will lead to a U.S. crash once the economies of partner countries are improved.
3. Support NAFTA because the United States has a moral obligation to assist the economic development of less fortunate nations.
4. Do not support NAFTA because the United States no longer enjoys the same world position it did in the middle of the century.
**1.** Support NAFTA because expanding free trade will improve the U.S. economy, as well as partner economies
169
# 09.04 Globalization
What problem in the U.S. financial system in the 1990s does this cartoon reflect? (5 points)
1. Lending limits that decreased business investment
2. Risky and often fraudulent banking practices
3. Increased government regulation of banking
4. Widening gap between the rich and poor
**2.** Risky and often fraudulent banking practices
170
# 09.04 Globalization
What did the Great Recession reveal about Americans' social safety net? (5 points)
1. Despite cutbacks, it was superior to other nations' programs and successfully curbed the worst effects of the downturn.
2. Legislators had failed to make significant and necessary changes since the New Deal to meet new economic realities.
3. It was much more limited than those of other countries and less able to meet the demands of economic crisis.
4. The poorest received the same level of assistance as in the past, while those just above the poverty line received less.
**3.** It was much more limited than those of other countries and less able to meet the demands of economic crisis
171
# 09.04 Globalization
What argument about the environment does the artist express through the cartoon? (5 points)
1. Environmental activists exaggerate the issues and should not be taken seriously.
2. There are environmental problems needing attention that affect all life on Earth.
3. People do not worry about environmental concerns in remote parts of the world.
4. Those who argue for environmental causes will be overshadowed by other issues.
**2.** There are environmental problems needing attention that affect all life on Earth
172
# 09.04 Globalization
**Question refers to the excerpt below.**
* "The reality is gas prices should be much more expensive than they are because we're not incorporating the true damage to the environment and the hidden costs of mining oil and transporting it to the U.S."*
* —Elon Musk, entrepreneur and inventor in environmentally friendly technologies*
Which of the following movements in recent American history does this quote support? (5 points)
1. Expanding free trade agreements
2. Protecting natural water sources
3. Reducing reliance on fossil fuels
4. Investigating solar energy
**3.** Reducing reliance on fossil fuels
173
# 09.04 Globalization
How does this Dilbert cartoon panel from 2005 illustrate how computer and Internet technology has affected Americans' social lives? (5 points)
1. People waste vast amounts of time on issues largely unimportant in the world of network technology.
2. Most people do not take security and related issues seriously in their use of technology and networks.
3. Personal privacy is a greater issue due to the easy connection and spread of information via networks.
4. Many issues related to network technology are exaggerated and tend to obscure the important issues.
**3.** Personal privacy is a greater issue due to the easy connection and spread of information via networks
174
How was the election of President Barack Obama revolutionary? (5 points)
1. It was the first time in decades that a Democrat took control of the South.
2. It was the first campaign conducted and even financed through social media.
3. It was the first Democratic win in the midst of recession since F. D. Roosevelt.
4. It was the first election challenged with fraud due to use of faulty technology.
**2.** It was the first campaign conducted and even financed through social media
