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Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Psychology?

A

A study in behavior

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2
Q

Phrenology

A

Personality = humps/ ident on head

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3
Q

Father of Psych?

A

Wilhelm Wunelt

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4
Q

Structuralism

A

the parts of the consciences

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5
Q

Gestalt

A

Whole consciousness (includes the study for perception, learning and problem solving)
Tendency to see patterns/Emphasis is organization/looking for things as a whole

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6
Q

Sir Francis Galton

A

Nature Vs Nuture

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7
Q

Dorothea Dix

A

advocated for mental hospitals

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8
Q

Psychoanalytic/Psychoclynamic

A

unconscious mind/free association
Freud

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9
Q

Functionalism

A

looks to understand mental and behavior that has been modified over the years

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10
Q

Behaviorism

A

learned behavior
by JB Watson
reinforcement + punishment

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11
Q

Humanism

A

free will/ humans are naturally good

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12
Q

Sociocultural

A

Environmental/ study’s impact of the persons race, gender, social norms, etc

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13
Q

Evolutionary Approach

A

Natural selection

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14
Q

Biological Approach

A

Brain chemistry/genetics/hereditary

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15
Q

Cognitive

A

Thinking/thoughts

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16
Q

Psychologist

A

NO MED SCHOOL

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17
Q

Psychiatrist

A

MEDICAL DOCTOR
can prescribe

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18
Q

Variables

A

observable + measurable
how you define and measure a specific variable as it is used in a study

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19
Q

Independent Variable

A

Manipulated or controlled

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20
Q

Dependent

A

The outcome

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21
Q

Confounding Variable

A

something that effects the dependent variable but shouldn’t

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22
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Experimenter gives off clues

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23
Q

Counterbalancing

A

eliminating the confounding variables effects by present the variables in different order

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24
Q

Population

A

a total from which sample may be drawn

25
Sample
selected group of people from the population (random and represented) (equal chance of participation)
26
Experimental Group
Gets the independent variable
27
Control
doesn’t get the independent variable
28
Stratified Sample
population is divided into different sub categories and a random sample is taken from each
29
Sampling Bias
a group in the same does not represent the population (tried to be avoided)
30
Random Assignment
A way to control using random assignment this would eliminate confounding variables
31
Between subject
Totally different groups/people
32
Within subject
uses participant as his/her control (does both experiments + under all the conditions)
33
Experiment
observations in a control conditions to study a relationship between and independent and dependent variable Can give insight to cause and effect
34
How to avoid experimental bias
Double blind!
35
Single Blind
Subject does not know whether they are experimental or control group
36
Double Blind?
subject and experimenter does not know the grouping (only solution to avoiding experimental bias)
37
Hindsight Bias
Idea ppl say they knew all along
38
Case Study
Technique gathers info Con - Can be biased
39
Correlational Study
Goal - technique to detect naturally occuring relationships extra: not cause and effect but about relationship between variables + relies on stats and used expost fact
40
Ex post facto
research that examines past occurrences in order to understand a current state ex - talking to abused children to get info about abuse since you don’t wanna experiment that
41
Hawthorn effect
Subject adjusts their behavior when they know they being watched
42
Correlation
shows how closely related 2 sets of scored are to each other
43
How do you know the strength of the correlation
strong weak no correlation <————————————————-> -1.0 0 +1.0 less than -1 = strong correlation 0 = weak correlation mor than 1 = no correlation
44
What’s the difference between negative and positive correlation
Negative - One variable increases and another decreases (opposite directions) Positive - 2 variables are related and move in the same direction
45
Measures of Centeral Tendency
Mean : Average (add everything then divide by the # of things present) Median : Middle # Mode : Occurs the most Range : measure of variation
46
Variability
How data spreads on the graph
47
Range
distance between highest score + lowest score
48
Standard Deviation
how far are the scores from the mean
49
Outliers
negative skew - down and then up tail positive skew - up and then down tail
50
Statistical Significance
5% chance or less that result would occur by chance
51
Interrated Reliablity
Comparison of studies by other evaluator
52
Pros and Cons of select a human subject
Pros : people can communicate, you can see the effect Cons: not representative of the whole population
53
Pros and Cons of choosing an animal subject
Pros : generations are easier to observe because they’re faster, control of the environment Cons : giving animals human traits
54
What are the APA ethical guidelines
Informed Consent - informing the subject Right to say no + withdraw - can’t force the subject to do things Examine the risk - free of harm (emotionally, psychologically pain counts as harm too)
55
Psychologist VS Psychiatrist
Psychologist - No med school Psychiatrist- Med school
56
What does experimental do
Explores cause an effect relationships Variables are manipulated and used random assignment (extra : what is random assignment) Eliminates confounding variables
57
Courtesy Bias
giving peoples the response they think is wanted to be heard
58
Survey
Series of true and false questions to get info quickly
59
Introspection
Examine your own thoughts

AP Psych (10 decks)

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