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AP Psych > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Motivation

A

needs + desire that energizes us and directs behaviors towards a goal

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2
Q

Instinct

A

an innate (biological) species-specific biological force that impels an organism to do something

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3
Q

Dopamine

A

neurotransmitters associated with the reward seeking behavior + with the feeling of wanting something

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4
Q

Primary

A

necessary for survival
(food, water, sleep, air, sex (reproduction))

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5
Q

Physiology of Hunger

A

Physical Hunger

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6
Q

Internal Cues

A

brain + body chemistry

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7
Q

Brain

A

Lateral + Ventromedial hypothalamus

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8
Q

Glucose

A

when low we feel hungry
pancrease, insulin level, feel hungry

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9
Q

Appetite hormones

A

Ghrelin
Orexin
Leptin

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10
Q

Ghrelin

A

increases
released by an empty stomach

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11
Q

Orexin

A

hunger trigg is hormones release by hypothalamus

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12
Q

Leptin

A

decreases
protein hormones secreted by fat cells when abundant causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger

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13
Q

Body Set Point

A

regulating mechanism of body weight
people will lose weight but go back to a certain point

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14
Q

Psychology of Hunger

A

Boredom, stress, sensation situations

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15
Q

Alfred Kinsey

A

surveys and interviews (females)

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16
Q

Masters and Johnson

A

used direct observation

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17
Q

Sexual Motivation

A

Biological Influences
Psychological Influences
Sociocultural Influences

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18
Q

Stimulus

A

not necessarily for survival but innate (biological) (exploration, curiosity)

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19
Q

Need for Affection

A

Harlow Study - contact comfort (need for contact as it gives comfort)

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20
Q

Need for Exploration/Curiosity

A

Be curious (not needed for survival but it is biological)

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21
Q

Secondary Motivations

A

learned, power, achievements

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22
Q

Need to belong/afflictions

A

Feeling the need to belong and be part of the group (not the same for everyone)

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23
Q

FOMO/ostracism

A

fear of missing out
you’re intentionally leaving people out
(social media has an effect on FOMO)

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24
Q

Need for achievement

A

not the same for everyone

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25
High Achievement
more successful like mildly difficult task
26
Horner Study
differences between men and women women have a fear of success
27
McClelland research
TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) see pictures way to measure achievement
28
Bloom Research
Not natural talent to be successful and it is infact drive + determination, discipline
29
Outliers
10,000 hours to be good at something
30
Grit
drive with long term goals
31
Self Actualization
finding full potential
32
Evolutionary Theory
replaced instinct theory based on natural selection motivation: to survive adapt behaviors to at help us live
33
Drive Reduction Theory
biological, physiological focus: inner pushes and external pulls interact to drive our behaviors needs to satisfy the drive
34
What does drive reduction theory say
we have needs, drives, and behaviors our physiological needs create a state that motivates an organism to satisfy that need doing a behavior we should reach homeostasis
35
Optimal Arousal Theory
Stimulation focus: finding the right level of stimulation organism tries to find behaviors that increase arousal because everything else bored them there’s an optimal level of arousal
36
Yerkes-Dodson law
suggest moderate arousal can lead to optimal performance about: the relationship between performance and arousal
37
Easy Task vs Hard Task
Easy task - high level of arousal Hard task - lower level of arousal
38
Maslow Hierarchy of Needs
it’s a process without basic needs met you can’t really do the other things your focus shifts once your basic needs are met
39
Maslow Hierarchy
Bottom - physiological needs safety needs Middle - psychological needs belongingness and esteem Top - Self fulfillment (self actualization achieving goals you set your mind too)
40
Incentives
drive us towards or away from the behavior we want can be positive or negative but it impacts behavior
41
Incentive Theory
argues that behavior is primarily extrinsically motivated ppl are motivated to perform activities if they receive a reward after
42
Intrinsic motivation
when you do something for yourself
43
Extrinsic motivation
doing something for an external factor intrinsic motivation is stronger and drives you farther
44
Over justification effect
when external factor decreases the intrinsic motivation basically external becomes more important than intrinsic motivation
45
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Motivation is produced from internal conflict motivated by the need to reduce this tension
46
Cognitive Dissonance
belief and behavior conflict
47
Change belief or behavior
is based on internal conflict
48
Emotions
physiological arousal, cognition, behavior
49
Bodily changes associated with emotional responses
limbic system autonomic nervous system
50
Physiological changes
body, sweat, temperature increasing, crying
51
Facial Expression
Paul Ekman
52
Universal
reveal a variety of basic emotions
53
Facial feedback hypothesis (cross cultural comparison)
expression evokes emotions
54
Behavior Feedback Phenomenon
motions awaken emotions
55
Display rules
cross cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions
56
Stress and Health Psychology
developed by Hans Selye
57
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
1) Alarm Reaction (fight or flight) adrenaline released, physiological response 2) Resistance (body tries to fight stressor) irritability, frustration, poor concentration 3) Exhaustion (Physical problems appear) anxiety, depression, fatigue, breakdown
58
Hans Selye
conducted a study measuring cortisol levels + blood sugar level in rats during different amounts of time living under stressful conditions
59
Psycho physiological illnesses
stress related illnesses: high blood pressure, migraines, stroke, heart attack
60
Stress can cause heart dieases because
Cortisol released stress reduces the flexibility of blood vessels and heart has to work harder
61
Chronic stress can
decrease functioning of the body immune system
62
Lymphocytes
a form of a white blood cell one of the body main type of immune cells defense the bodies lymphocytes
63
Type A
competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger prone
64
Type B
easy going and relaxed
65
Julian Rotter: Locus of Control
belief about the cause of what happens to us Internal (we control) External (fate)
66
Galvanic Skin Responses (GSR)
Pupil of the eye - pleasure (dilate), disgust (constricts) Polygraph - detects your emotion (lie detector)
67
Other way to measure emotions
Facial expressions, posture, gestures, brain activity
68
Motivational conflicts
approach - approach - choose between 2 good things approach - avoidance - one goal w both bad and good things avoidance - avoidance - choose between 2 bad things
69
Psychological Influences
external stimulation (magazines)
70
Sociocultural Influences
not just hormones but like family, religion, experiences

AP Psych (10 decks)

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