Unit 1

Question 1

Water’s Cohesive Properties

Answer 1

Water Molecules are cohesive- they stick together because hydrogen bonds form between them. Allows droplets, and surface tension.

Question 2

Water’s Adhesive Properties

Answer 2

Water is attracted to other molecules because of polar nature. Water will form thin films and climb up surfaces if the adhesive forces > cohesive forces.

Question 3

Water’s Solvent Properties

Answer 3

Polarity allows it to dissociate ions in salta and bond other polar substances, dissolving them. Non-polar substances are not water soluble.

Question 4

Water’s Thermal Properties

Answer 4

Water has the highest specific heat capacity of any liquid, so it takes a lot of energy to change the temperature.

Question 5

4 Macromolecules

Answer 5

Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

Question 6

What are carbs composed of (elements and bonds within molecules)

Answer 6

C, H, O (1:2:1), covalent bonds

Question 7

Carbohydrate Monomer

Answer 7

Monosaccharide

Question 8

What is a Disaccharide

Answer 8

Two monosaccharides held by glycosidic linkages

Question 9

Structural Carbohydrates

Answer 9

Chitin, and Cellulose

Question 10

Storage Carbohydrates

Answer 10

Starch (plants), and glycogen (animals)

Question 11

Cellulose vs Starch

Answer 11

Cellulose has beta linkages, while starch has alpha linkages. We can’t break down beta linkages.

Question 12

What are proteins composed of?

Answer 12

C, H, O, N, and S

Question 13

Protein Monomer

Answer 13

Amino acid

Question 14

Amino Acid Structure

Answer 14

Amino group, carboxl group, R group (side chain)

Question 15

Bonds between amino acids

Answer 15

Peptide bond (between carboxl and amino group)

(N to C)

Question 16

Levels of Protein folding

Answer 16

Primary: strand and amino acid
Secondary: b-pleated sheet and a-helix due to hydrogen bonds between O and H on phosphate backbone
Tertiary: bonds between R groups. Hydrophilic (polar) R groups go on exterior, Hydrophobic (nonpolar) go on interior.
Quaternary: bonds between seperate polypeptide chain’s R groups

Question 17

What are nucleic acids composed of?

Answer 17

C, H, O, N, P

Question 18

Nucleic acid monomer

Answer 18

Nucleotide

Question 19

Nucleotide structure

Answer 19

Phosphate group (-), nitrogenous base (A,T,C,G), and Pentose sugar

Question 20

Bond between nucleotides

Answer 20

Phosphodiester linkage between phosphate and hydroxyl

Question 21

Purine bases

Answer 21

Double ringed, A and G (tip: pure silver)

Question 22

Pyrimidine Bases

Answer 22

Single ring, C U T (tip: cut the pyramid)

Question 23

How many bonds between A and T

Answer 23

2 bonds (2 apple trees)

Question 24

How many bonds between C and G

Answer 24

3 (3 cars in the garage)

Question 25

What are lipids composed of?

Answer 25

C, H, O, P (only in phospholipids)

Question 26

Which macromolecules are Polar?

Answer 26

All but lipids

Question 27

What are fats?

Answer 27

Glycerol with 3 fatty acids

Question 28

Saturated fats

Answer 28

Saturated with hydrogen, all carbons single bonded with 2 hydrogens. More solid.

Question 29

Unsaturated Fats

Answer 29

Carbon is double bonded to 1 hydrogen. Less solid.

Question 30

What is a phospholipid?

Answer 30

Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate

Question 31

Phospholipid polarity

Answer 31

Polar and non-polar regions. Head is hydrophilic, tail is hydrophobic. Causes them to naturally assemble into bilateral.

Question 32

What are steroids?

Answer 32

A lipid with 4 rings, and associated with reception.

Question 33

What is capillary action?

Answer 33

When water moves up the stem into the leaves due to co/adhesion.

Question 34

What is surface tension?

Answer 34

Water has a "surface" due to hydrogen bonds. Forces is needed to break that surface.

Question 35

Water density

Answer 35

Less dense as a solid

Question 36

Water pH

Answer 36

As hydrogen/hydronium ions increase, pH decreases. pH= -log[H+]. Inverse relationship between pH and hydrogen ions.