unit 1: history & research methods Flashcards

Question

clinical psychologist

Answer 1

work with people suffering from psychological disorders

Answer 2

help people with problems (marital, family, etc.)

Answer 3

work with students in a school setting

Answer 4

work with employees in a work setting

Answer 5

the difference between a clinical psychologist and a psychiatrist is that a psychiatrist has a medical degree (MD) and can prescribe and use medication (drugs) on patients

Answer 6

when people believe that they could have predicted the outcome of an event after it has happened ex. realizing now that it's over, you could have predicted it

Answer 7

when someone thinks they know more than they actually do ex. thought it would take you less time to do a project

Answer 8

does not accept arguments and conclusions blindly

Answer 9

an explanation that connects organizes and predicts, behavior or events ex. low self-esteem and depression are related

Answer 10

a testable prediction often set up by a theory it allows us to except reject or revise our theory ex. depression causes low-self-esteem

Answer 11

a good operational definition gives good instructions so that others can repeat a study, known as replication

Answer 12

technique where one person is studied in depth

Answer 13

a form of case study, where a therapist studies a client

Answer 14

questioning a representative sample of people to find out: attitudes, opinions, or behaviors

Answer 15

refers to the fact that the way a survey is worded can effect how people answer it

Answer 16

if you overestimate the extent to which others are similar to you

Answer 17

whole group to be studied

Answer 18

the actual people who are studied

Answer 19

if everyone has an equal chance to be studied

Answer 20

if you split your group up (ex. gender, age) then randomly assign

Answer 21

when you observe and report about animals or humans in their natural environment

Answer 22

when one trait or behavior pairs with another, we say the two correlate

Answer 23

we represent correlations like this: r = +0.37 or r = -0.65.

Answer 24

a graph comprised of points that are generated by values of two variables

Answer 25

(perfect positive correlation) (+1.00) - between two things means that the presence of one thing predicts the presence of the other

Answer 26

(perfect negative correlation) (-1.00) - means that the presence of one thing predicts the absence of the other

Answer 27

(no relationship) (0.00)

Answer 28

believing a relationship between two variables were no relationship actually exists

Answer 29

backbone of psychological research because through it we can try to find cause and effect relationships

Answer 30

the group receiving the treatment

Answer 31

the group not receiving the drug/treatment

Answer 32

the factor that we manipulate ex. soda/no soda

Answer 33

the factor that may change because of the independent variable (this is what we are interested in) ex. memory

Answer 34

(only two variables should be present during any experiment, the IV and DV) - a variable that we DON’T want to show up

Answer 35

people in the control group are different from people in the experimental group ex. 50 men, 50 women for soda & memory

Answer 36

the situation isn't equal ex. night vs. day for soda & memory

Answer 37

the subjects believe the experiment will work, so their mind makes it work

Answer 38

the person running the experiment affects the results in a way that benefits them

Answer 39

the participant in an experiment acts like they believe they are "supposed to act"

Answer 40

people change their behavior just because they know they are being watched

Answer 41

procedure neither the patient nor the experimenters' assistants will know who is in the manipulated and control groups

Answer 42

giving each person an equal chance to be in either group

Answer 43

single score to represent a group of scores

Answer 44

- average - add them up and divided by the total number

Answer 45

middle number when ranked in numerical order

Answer 46

the most frequently occurring score in a distribution

Answer 47

one number to represent your spread-out your data

Answer 48

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

Answer 49

a computed measure of how much scores vary about the mean (determined by how many standard deviations they fall away from the mean)

Answer 50

standard deviation squared

Answer 51

give a t-test (to measure how far apart your two sets of data are) ## Footnote when is a difference significant? (when you can start to think your numbers are important?)

Answer 52

receive a p-value (the difference between the two groups. the lower the better) ## Footnote when is a difference significant? (when you can start to think your numbers are important?)

Answer 53

1. must have a clear purpose 2. must care for the animals humanely in between experimentation 3. must provide the LEAST amount of suffering possible for the animal to run your desired experiment –> does the possible good come out to overweigh the harm | insitutional review board (IRB)

Answer 54

1. must volunteer (not forced/coerced) 2. must have informed consent (they must know they are part of a research study) 3. confidentiality (you must keep their identity a secret/anonymity) 4. cannot be placed at significant physical or mental harm/risk 5. must debrief (told what the study was about, and after given contact info to follow up) | insitutional review board (IRB)

Answer 55

they must know they are part of a research study

Answer 56

told what the study was about, and after given contact info to follow up

Answer 57

an actor who participates in a psychological experiment pretending to be a subject but in actuality working for the researcher

Answer 58

you must keep their identity a secret / anonymity