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AP PSYCH > unit 3: neuroscience > Flashcards

unit 3: neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

phrenology

A
  • suggested that bumps on your skull represented different mental abilities.
  • we now know this was wrong, but it was correct in the different mental processes that were in different parts of the brain.
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2
Q

Neuron

A

the billions of interconnected cells our bodies communicate through

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3
Q

Dendrite

A

Receive messages from other neurons

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4
Q

Cell body

A

aka. soma
The life support center of the neuron

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5
Q

axon

A

Send messages out of a neuron to another neuron through its axon terminals

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6
Q

axon terminals

A

In which of the place that the axon sends its messages out of a neuron to

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7
Q

Myelin sheath

A

A fatty substance that cover some axons and makes for a faster transmission of information

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8
Q

action potential

A

When a neuron is firing

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9
Q

Resting potential

A

When a neuron is not firing

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10
Q

Polarization

A

Negative present

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11
Q

Depolarization

A

Positives are allowed in

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12
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Fire, resting, go flood with negative

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13
Q

Threshold

A

If enough positive ions are allowed in the neuron passes, it’s threshold

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14
Q

All or none-response

A
  • A neuron either fires or doesn’t.
  • If it surpasses its threshold it will fire at the same intensity, every time
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15
Q

Refractory Period

A

the time it takes for a neuron to recharge to be able to fire again once it has already fired

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16
Q

Synapse

A

The gap between the axon of one neuron, and then dendrite of another

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17
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

When a neuron fires, its axon releases neurotransmitters, which are picked up by another neuron’s dendrites

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18
Q

Reuptake

A

When neurotransmitters are reabsorbed back into the sending neuron

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19
Q

acetylcholine (ach)

A

function: muscle movement; memory
ex. of malfunctions: (lack) Alzheimer’s disease; (lack) muscle movement

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20
Q

dopamine

A

function: learning, attention, short-term happiness
ex. of malfunctions: (excess) Schizophrenia

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21
Q

serotonin

A

function: long-term happiness
ex. of malfunctions: (lack) depression

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22
Q

norepinephrine / epinephrine

A

function: alertness & arousal
ex. of malfunctions: (lack) depression

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23
Q

GABA (gamma-amnobuyric acid)

A

function: (inhibitory) slows the body down
ex. of malfunctions: (lack) seizures, tremors, insomnia

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24
Q

glutamate

A

function: (excitatory) speeds the body up
ex. of malfunctions: (excess) migraines, seizures

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25
endorphines
function: pain & pleasure ex. of malfunctions: (lack) pain
26
Lock and key mechanism
Neurotransmitters and receptors fit together like a lock and key
27
Agnoist
Drugs that can be, that can enable neurotransmitters to fire
28
antagonist
Can block Neurotransmitters from firing
29
The nervous system
- All nerve cells - it is very speedy
30
The central nervous system (CNS)
Neurons in the brain and spinal cord
31
The peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Neurons everywhere else (besides brain and spinal cord)
32
somatic nervous system
Works when you try to move your muscles ## Footnote (the peripheral nervous system is split into two parts)
33
Autonomic nervous system
Works with your organs that mostly work automatically ## Footnote (the peripheral nervous system is split into two parts)
34
Sympathetic nervous system
Automatically arouses the body when it needs it ## Footnote (the peripheral nervous system is split into two parts)
35
Parasympathetic nervous system
Calms the body automatically when it needs it ## Footnote (the peripheral nervous system is split into two parts)
36
Sensory neurons
Carry information to the CNS
37
Motor neurons
Carries information away from the CNS to the muscles and glands
38
neural network
Interconnected neurons in the brain
39
Endocrine system
- A slower system that works with the nervous system - it releases hormones into the bloodstream that affects the brain and the body
40
hormones
The endocrine system releases them into the bloodstream that affect the brain and the body
41
glands
an organ in the human body
42
Pituitary gland
- "Master gland" - controls other glands - located in the brain - controls growth
43
Thyroid and parathyroid gland
- located in the throat area - regulates metabolism and controls amount of calcium in the blood
44
adrenal gland
- located in kidneys - released norepinephrine / epinephrine (adrenaline) which triggers "fight or flight"
45
gonads
- located in and around the reproductive organs - help in development and regulate and release testosterone and estrogen
46
pancreas
controls blood sugar
47
lesion
destroy part of an animal's brain and see what happens (its function)
48
clinical observation
humans brain that's already damaged and see what they can't do
49
EEG
(electroencephalogram) - metal electrodes strapped to the skull to see what parts are active function - not structure
50
PET scan
radioactive glucose to see what areas of the brain are active
51
MRI
uses powerful magnets to get a detailed picture of the brain structure
52
CAT scan
uses x-ray to get a detailed picture of the brain
53
fMRI
shows both structure and function - MRI that can also show brain activity
54
brainstem
- the oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells and entering the skull - it is responsible for automatic functions that keep us alive parts: medulla, reticular formation, thalamus, cerebellum, pons
55
medulla
the base of the brainstem and controls your **heartbeat and breathing**
56
reticular formation
nerve network in the brainstem that deals primarily with **arousal (awake and alert)**
57
thalamus
receives information from the **senses (except smell)** and routes it to the brain to figure out what is going on
58
cerebellum
- "little brain" - attached to the rear brainstem it helps with **coordination and balance**
59
pons
works with **facial expressions and dreams**, and is the bridge from your lower to higher functions within the brain
60
limbic system
a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebellum that deals with things such as: **fear, anger, aggression**, and food and sex drives
61
amygdala
linked to the emotions of: **fear, aggression, anger**
62
hippocampus
involved with **memory**
63
hypothalamus
- aka: the reward center - involved with: **eating, drinking, body temperature, and emotions** - animals that have their hypothalamus stimulated will go through extreme pain and difficulty to continue having that sensation
64
cerebral cortex
the neural cells that cover the cerebral hemispheres and are the body's ultimate control and information processing center
65
frontal lobe
- (forehead) - motor cortex: **motor movement**: personality, decision making, logically thinking
66
parietal lobe
- (top to rear head) - sensory cortex (sense of **touch**)
67
occipital lobe
- (back head) - visual function
68
temporal lobe
- (side of the head) - auditory function
69
motor cortex
- located at the rear of the frontal lobe - controls voluntary movements
70
sensory cortex
- located in the parietal lobe - receives information from skin surface and senses
71
visual function
located in the occipital lobe
72
auditory function
located in the temporal lobe
73
association areas
- areas in the brain that we don't know their exact form - the areas take information from our inputs and connect it to our memories to help us make sense of it all
74
aphasia
the impairment of language
75
broca's area
the area that deals with the production of speech
76
wernicke's area
the area that deals with the use of meaningful language
77
angular gyrus
help us comprehend written words (read)
78
plasticity
our brain's plasticity we are referring to its ability to heal or modify itself after an injury
79
left vs. right hemisphere
one brain is divided into 2 hemispheres... **RIGHT** - controls visual-spatial - artistic ability - left side of the body **LEFT** - controls language - right side of the body - dominant hemisphere (for other things too - some people who suffer from seizures can have their **corpus callosum** (the area that connected to two hemispheres) severed, it typically gets rid of seizures
80
corpus callosum
(the area that connected two hemispheres) severed, it typically gets rid of seizures
81
split-brain patients
some people who suffer from seizures can have their corpus callosum (the area that connected two hemispheres) severed, it typically gets rid of seizures with the corpus callosum severed, an object presented in the right visual field can be named. left can't.

AP PSYCH (13 decks)

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