Unit 1 Macromolecules

Question 1

macromolecules

Answer 1

responsible for most of the form and order of living systems; generated by polymerization of small organic molecules (except lipids)

Question 2

monomers

Answer 2

repeating units of macromolecules

Question 3

types of macromolecules

Answer 3

protein (polymers of amino acids)
carbohydrates (polymers of sugars)
nucleic acids (polymers of nucleotides)
lipids

Question 4

macromolecule synthesis

Answer 4

1. monomer activation: must be activated, requires energy, attached to carrier molecules, directionality
2. monomer condensation: each addition releases water, must have hydrogen and reactive OH on molecule
3. polymerization

Question 5

proteins

Answer 5

composed of nonrandom series of amino acids; sequence determines structure and thus function

Question 6

protein functions

Answer 6

structure
defense
transport
catalysis
signaling

Question 7

amino acid

Answer 7

20 usable by human body

carbon atom bonded to hydrogen plus amine and variable side chain

Question 8

peptide bond

Answer 8

formed between amine group of one amino acid and carboxyl group of the next

Question 9

monomeric protein

Answer 9

single polypeptide

Question 10

multimeric protein

Answer 10

2+ polypeptides; dimers, trimers, tetramers

Question 11

hemoglobin

Answer 11

tetramer with 2 alpha-subunits and 2 beta-subunits

Question 12

protein primary structure

Answer 12

sequence of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

Question 13

protein secondary structure

Answer 13

determined by hydrogen bonding within polypeptide’ alpha helix, beta sheets

Question 14

motifs

Answer 14

short stretches of alpha-helices and beta-sheets

Question 15

tertiary structure

Answer 15

depends on interactions of R-groups; not repetitive; sum of hydrophobic/philic R-groups and similarly/oppositely charged R-groups

Question 16

domains

Answer 16

compact units connected by short peptide chains; relatively independent on other domains

Question 17

tertiary protein bonds/interactions

Answer 17

disulfide
hydrogen
ionic
van der Waals
hydrophobic

Question 18

disulfide bonds

Answer 18

between the sulfur atoms of two cysteine residues

Question 19

hydrogen bonds

Answer 19

form in water between amino acids in polypeptide chain via R-groups

Question 20

ionic bonds

Answer 20

between oppositely charged R-groups

Question 21

Van der Waals

Answer 21

molecules with non polar covalent bonds may have transient positively and negatively charged region

Question 22

hydrophobic interaction

Answer 22

tendency of hydrophobic molecules to be excluded form interactions with water

Question 23

protein quaternary structure

Answer 23

subunit interactions and assembly; mutlimeric proteins only

Question 24

fibrous proteins

Answer 24

structural
strand-like, water-insoluble, stable
tertiary or quaternary
provide mechanical support/tensile strength
keratin, elastin, collagen

Question 25

globular proteins

Answer 25

functional compact, spherical, water-soluble, sensitive to environmental changes tertiary or quaternary specific function regions (active sites) antibodies, hormones, molecular chaperones, enzymes

Question 26

lipids

Answer 26

``` biochemically, structurally diverse hydrophobic stable in non polar solvents mostly hydrocarbon chains some have polar regions - amphipathic ```

Question 27

If lipids are not formed by polymerization, why are they considered macromolecules?

Answer 27

because of their high molecular weight and their importance in cellular structures, particularly membranes

Question 28

classes of lipids

Answer 28

``` fatty acids triglycerides phospholipids glycolipids steroids terpenes ```

Question 29

fatty acids

Answer 29

components of several other kinds of lipids | long amphipathic unbranched chain with polar carboxyl group and non polar hydrocarbon tail

Question 30

triacylglycerols

Answer 30

aka triglycerides | glycerol + 3 fatty acids via ester bonds (water removed)

Question 31

glycerol

Answer 31

3-C alcohol with hydroxyl group on each C

Question 32

phospholipids

Answer 32

2FA + phosphate group

Question 33

glycolipids

Answer 33

2FA + carbohydrate chain

Question 34

steroids

Answer 34

Three 6C ring plus one 5C ring; cholesterol most common

Question 35

cholesterol

Answer 35

found in membrane regulates membrane fluidity involved in cellular signaling source of all steroid hormones

Question 36

terpens

Answer 36

synthesized from 5C compound isoprene; aka isoprenoids

Question 37

isoprene

Answer 37

and derivatives produce vitamin A and carotenoid pigments

Question 38

polysaccharides

Answer 38

long chain polymers of sugars | usually single repeating unit, sometimes alternating pattern of 2 kinds

Question 39

glucose

Answer 39

disaccharide (2 monosaccharides covalently) maltose (glucose + glucose) lactose (glucose + galactose) sucrose (glucose + fructose)

Question 40

starch

Answer 40

energy storage polysaccharide in plant cells

Question 41

glycogen

Answer 41

energy storage polysaccharide in animal cells and bacteria

Question 42

cellulose

Answer 42

structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls; indigestible to mammals

Question 43

nucleic acids

Answer 43

store, transmit, express genetic information linear polymers of nucleotides protein synthesis (RNA)

Question 44

nucleotides

Answer 44

nitrogenous bases pentose sugars phosphate

Question 45

nitrogenous bases

Answer 45

purines (adenine, guanine) | pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine (DNA), uracil (RNA))

Question 46

pentose sugars

Answer 46

ribose in RNA | deoxyribose in DNA

Question 47

base paring

Answer 47

adenine with thymine (uracil) (2 hydrogen bonds) | cytosine with guanine (3 hydrogen bonds)

Question 48

monomeric nucleotides

Answer 48

sources of chemical energy in cell (ATP) | cell signaling