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Tri 1 - C&T > Unit 2 Bone > Flashcards

Unit 2 Bone Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

structure of bone

A

connective tissue
mineralized matrix-cells in lacuna
vascularized

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2
Q

functions of bone

A

support
protection (organs, myeloid tissue)
movement
mineral storage (Ca, PO4)

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3
Q

bone classification

A

long
short
flat
irregular

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4
Q

long bone

A

longer than wide

limb bones

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5
Q

short bone

A

cube-shaped (wrist/ankle)
sesamoid (w/in tendons)
vary in size and number

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6
Q

flat bones

A

thin, flat, slightly curved

sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones

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7
Q

irregular bones

A

complicated shapes

vertebrae, hib bones

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8
Q

sutural bones

A

aka wormian, accessory

random, usually on skull

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9
Q

histological organization

A

spongy

compact

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10
Q

spongy

A

cancellous

trabecular

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11
Q

compact

A

lamellar
cortical
dense

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12
Q

histological preparation

A

decalcified - preserves cells

ground - preserves architecture

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13
Q

typical long bone structure

A

shaft, epiphyses, membranes

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14
Q

diaphysis

A

tubular shaft that forms long axis

consists of compact bone surrounding central medullary cavity that is filled with yellow marrow in adults

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15
Q

epiphyses

A

ends of long bones that consist of o impact bone externally and spongy bone internally
articular cartilage covers articular surfaces

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16
Q

epiphyseal line

A

remnant of childhood epiphyseal plate where bone growth occurs

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17
Q

compact bone

A

dense outer layer on every bone that appears smooth and solid
aka lamellar bone
consists of osteon, canals, canaliculi, interstitial & circumferential lamellae

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18
Q

spongy bone

A

made-up of honeycomb of small, needle-like or flat pieces of bone call trabecular
open spaces filled with red/yellow marrow
stress resistant
no osteons, but have lamellae, osteocytes, canaliculi

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19
Q

membranes

A

periosteum

endosteum

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20
Q

periosteum

A

covers outside of compact
white double-layered membrane that covers external surfaces except joints
contains many nerve fibers, vessels through nutrient foramen
anchoring points for tendons/ligaments

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21
Q

endosteum

A

covers inside portion of compact
delicate CT covers trabecular of spongy bone
contains osteogenic cells that can differentiate into other bone cells

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22
Q

short, irregular, flat bone structure

A

thing plates of spongy bone (dipoë) covered by compact bone
compact bone sandwiched between CT membranes
bone marrow scattered throughout
hyaline cartilage covers articular surfaces

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23
Q

periosteum layers

A

fibrous

osteogenic

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24
Q

fibrous periosteum layer

A

outer layer consisting of dense irregular CT consisting of Sharpey’s fibers

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25
osteogenic layer
inner layer, contains primitive osteogenic stem cells that give rise to most all bone cells
26
red marrow
found within trabecular cavities of spongy bone and diploë of flat bones in newborns, medullary cavities and alls spongy bone in adults, head of femur, humerus, flab bone diploë, some irregular bones yellow can convert to red in anemic
27
four cell types
osteogenic cells osteoblasts osteocytes osteoclasts
28
osteogenic cells
aka osteoprogenitor, stem mitotically active stem cells in inner layer of periosteum, endosteum and lining of Haversian canal when stimulated, differentiate into osteoblasts
29
osteoblasts
bone forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid begins mineralization of matrix extend cellular process to maintain contact with other cells as matrix deposited found on surface of growing bones
30
osteoid
made of collagen I, ground substance
31
osteocytes
mature bone cells in lacunae that no longer divide maintain bone matrix respond to mechanical stimuli maintain contact with other cells via canaliculi
32
osteoclasts
part of mononuclear phagocytic system from bone marrow derived from same stem cells that become macrophages giant, multinucleate cells bone resorption when active, located in Howship's lacunae ruffled borders to increase SA for enzyme degradation
33
osteon
structural unit of compact bone | consists of elongated cylinder runs parallel to long axis
34
lamellae
several rings of bone matrix within osteon contain collagen fibers that run in different directions in adjacent rings withstands stress and resist twisting bone stalk found between collagen fibers
35
Haversian canal
aka central canal runs through core of osteon contains vessels and nerves
36
Volkmann's canal
aka perforating canal lined with endosteum that occur at right angles to central canal connect vessels/nerves of periosteum, medullary cavity, central canal
37
interstitial lamellae
not part of osteon some fill gaps between forming osteons others are remnant os osteons cut by bone remodeling
38
circumferential lamellae
deep to periosteum, superficial to endosteum extend around entire surface of diaphysis prevents twisting
39
organic components
cells and osteoid
40
osteoid
secrete by osteoblasts makes up 1/3 of organic bone consists of ground substance, collagen fibers
41
inorganic components
mineral salts
42
hydroxyapatites
mineral salts 65% of bone by mass tiny calcium phosphate crystals around collagen responsible for hardness/resistance to compression
43
intramembranous ossification
begins with fibrous CT membranes formed by mesenchymal cells called membrane bones frontal, parietals, occipital, clavicle
44
ossification
osteogenesis process of bone formation begins in month 2, end in early adulthood bone remodeling/repair lifelong
45
endochondrial ossification
bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage called cartilage bones forms most of skeleton primary/secondary centers
46
intramembranous ossification steps
1. ossification centers are formed when mesenchymal cells cluster and become osteoblasts 2. osteoid is secreted, then calcified 3. woven bone is formed when osteoid is laid down around vessels, resulting in trabeculae (periosteum) 4. lamellar bone replaces woven bone, red marrow appears
47
primary ossification center
vessels infiltrate perichondrium converting it to periosteum | mesenchymal cells specialize into osteoblasts
48
endochondral ossification steps
1. bone collar forms around diaphysis of cartilage 2. central cartilage in diaphysis calcifies, develops cavities 3. periosteal bud invades cavities => spongy bone 4. diaphysis elongates, medullary cavity forms, secondary ossification centers appear in epiphyses 5. epiphyses ossify, hyalin cartilage remains only in epiphyseal plates, articular cartilages
49
periosteal bud
made of vessels, nerves, red marrow, osteogenic cells, osteoclasts
50
postnatal bone growth
lengthwise by interstitial (longitudinal) growth of epiphyseal plate bones increase thickness through appositional growth bones top growing during adolescence interstitial growth requires presence of epiphyseal cartilage
51
epiphyseal plate
maintains thickness | rate of cartilage growth on one side balances by bone replacement on other
52
epiphyseal plate zones
``` resting (quiescent) zone proliferation (growth) hypertrophic calcification ossification ```
53
resting zone
aka quiescent zone | area of cartilage on epiphyseal side of epiphyseal plate that is relatively inactive
54
proliferation zone
aka growth zone areas of cartilage on diaphysis side of epiphyseal plate that is rapidly dividing new cells move upwards, pushing epiphysis away from diaphyses
55
hypertrophic zone
area of chondroytes flower to diaphysis | cartilage lacunae enlarges and erode, forming interconnecting spaces
56
calcification zone
surrounding cartilage matrix calcifies | chondrocytes die and deteriorate
57
ossification zone
1. chondrocyte deterioration leaves long spicules of calcified cartilage at epiphysis-diaphysis junction 2. spicules eroded by osteoclasts, covered with new bone by osteoblasts 3. replaced with spongy bone 4. medullary cavity enlarges as spicules are eroded
58
woven bone
1. first bone formed 2. can be remodeled into mature spongy or compact 3. lower mineral content, higher osteocytes 4. irregular orientation of collagen
59
epiphyseal plate closure
18-25yo, women first
60
hormonal control
parathyroid | calcitonin
61
PTH
produced by parathyroid in response to low blood Ca 1. stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone 2. calcium released in blood 3. PTH ceases in homeostasis
62
calcitonin
produced by parafollicular cells of thyroid gland in response to high blood Ca
63
pituitary dwarfism
hypo secretion of GH during childhood, 4' max
64
gigantism
hyper secretion of GH during childhood, 8-9' common
65
acromegaly
hyper secretion after long bone growth stops

Tri 1 - C&T (36 decks)

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