Unit 2 Blood

Question 1

embryonic origin of blood

Answer 1

mesenchyme

Question 2

blood functions

Answer 2

transport
regulation
protection

Question 3

transport functions

Answer 3

1. delivering O2, nutrients to body cells
2. transporting metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys
3. transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target organs

Question 4

regulation functions

Answer 4

1. maintaining body temperature by absorbing, distributing heat
2. maintaining normal pH using buffers; alkaline reserve of bicarbonate ions
3. maintaining adequate fluid volume in circulatory system

Question 5

protection functions

Answer 5

1. preventing blood loss: plasma proteins and platelets initiate blood clot formation
2. preventing infection: agents of immunity are carried in blood i.el antibodies, complement proteins, WBCs

Question 6

blood composition

Answer 6

matrix: 
plasma 55%
formed elements:
erythrocytes 45%
Buffy coat (WBCs, platelets) <1%

Question 7

hematocrit

Answer 7

percent of blood volume that is RBCs

males: 47%
females: 42%

Question 8

plasma composition

Answer 8

90% water
8% plasma proteins 
nonprotein nitrogenous substances
organic nutrients
electrolytes
respiratory gases
hormones

Question 9

plasma proteins

Answer 9

albumin (60%)
globulins (36%)
fibrinogen (4%)

Question 10

serum

Answer 10

fluid remaining after clot forms

no fibers or formed elements

Question 11

formed elements

Answer 11

RBCs, WBCs, platelets
only survive a few days
originate in marrow, no division

Question 12

erythrocyte structure

Answer 12

biconcave, anucleate, no organelles
contains hemoglobin
spectrin

Question 13

spectrin

Answer 13

plasma membrane protein that provides flexibility

Question 14

efficient gas transport

Answer 14

biconcave shape, increased SA
hemoglobin makes up 97% of cell volume
no mitochondria, ATP production is anaerobic, don’t consume transported O2

Question 15

hemoglobin

Answer 15

binds reversibly with oxygen
males 13-18g/100ml
females 12-16g/100ml

Question 16

heme

Answer 16

red pigment bound to globin

each central iron binds one O2

Question 17

globin

Answer 17

composed of 4 peptide chains

2 alpha, 2 beta

Question 18

leukocytes

Answer 18

only formed element that is a complete cell with nuclei and organelles
4800-10800 per μl blood

Question 19

leukocyte function

Answer 19

defense against disease
can leave capillaries via diapedesis
move thru tissue spaces by amoeboid motion and positive chemotaxis

Question 20

leukocyte classification

Answer 20

granulocytes

agranulocytes

Question 21

neutrophils

Answer 21

50-70% WBCs
granules contain hydrolytic enzymes or defensins
aka polymorphonuclear
multilobed nucleus

Question 22

defensins

Answer 22

antimicrobial proteins

Question 23

eosinophils

Answer 23

2-4% WBCs
bilobed nucleus
granules
allergic reactions
parasitic infections

Question 24

eosinophils granules

Answer 24

contain digestive enzymes, proteins important in defense of parasitic infection

Question 25

basophils

Answer 25

0.5-1% WBCs bilobed nucleus obscured by granules granolas contain heparin and histamine functionally similar to mast cells

Question 26

histamine

Answer 26

inflammatory chemical that acts as vasodilator, attracts WBCs to inflamed sites

Question 27

lymphocytes

Answer 27

25% WBCs lg purple nuclei mostly in lymphatic tissue crucial to immunity

Question 28

T lymphocytes

Answer 28

act against virus infected cells and tumor cells

Question 29

B lymphocytes

Answer 29

give rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies

Question 30

monocytes

Answer 30

``` largest of all WBCs 3-8% WBCs abundant blue cytoplasm U or kidney shaped nucleus leave circulation, differentiate into macrophages ```

Question 31

platelets

Answer 31

fragments of larger megakaryocytes clotting factors 150k-400k/ml of blood

Question 32

clotting factors

Answer 32

``` serotonin calcium enzymes ADP platelet-derived growth factor ```

Question 33

platelet function

Answer 33

temporary plug to seal blood leakages