Unit 3 Urinary

Question 1

function

Answer 1

1. filter metabolic wastes from blood
2. maintain acid/base balance
3. maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
4. hormone production

Question 2

structures

Answer 2

1. paired kidneys
2. paired ureters
3. bladder
4. urethra

Question 3

kidney structures

Answer 3

hilus
cortex
medulla
medullary rays
renal lobe

Question 4

hilus

Answer 4

a) blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves enter and exit

b) renal pelvis, major and minor calyces collect urine

Question 5

cortex

Answer 5

renal corpuscles

Question 6

medulla

Answer 6

pyramids of tubules separated by cortical columns (of Bertin)

Question 7

medullary rays

Answer 7

columns of tubules extending into the cortex

Question 8

renal lobe

Answer 8

medullary pyramid and overlying cortex

Question 9

renal blood flow

Answer 9

aorta
renal artery
segmental artery
interlobar artery
arcuate artery
cortical radiate (interlobular) artery
afferent arteriole 
glomerulus
efferent arterioles
peritubular capillary plexus
cortical radiate vein
arcuate vein
interlobar vein
renal vein
inferior vena cava

Question 10

arcuate arteries

Answer 10

coritcomedullary junction

Question 11

peritubular capillary plexus

Answer 11

surround tubules

vasa recta - juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 12

filtration flow

Answer 12

glomerulus
proximal convoluted tubule
thin segment
descending loop of Henle
ascending loop of Henle 
thick segment
distal convoluted tubule 
collecting duct

Question 13

renal corpuscle components

Answer 13

glomerulus
bowman’s capsule
podocytes
mesangial cells

Question 14

glomerulus

Answer 14

capillary tuft

Question 15

bowman’s capsule

Answer 15

encloses urinary space

Question 16

podocytes

Answer 16

visceral layer; pedicels, filtration slits

Question 17

mesangial cells

Answer 17

support capillary wall and basement membrane; act as phagocytes

Question 18

renal corpuscle filtration barrier

Answer 18

1. endothelium of glomerular capillary
2. fused basla lamina
3. pedicels

Question 19

proximal tubule

Answer 19

a) longer than distal tubule
b) convoluted and straight portions
c) simple cuboidal epithelium with brush border

Question 20

proximal tubule functions

Answer 20

(1) absorb 85% of NaCl and water; glucose, amino acids and small proteins
(2) secrete creatinine

Question 21

loop of Henle

Answer 21

a) allows the production of hypertonic urine
b) descending limb permeable to water
c) ascending limb impermeable to water
d) thick ascending limb actively transports NaCl out of tubule

Question 22

distal tubule

Answer 22

a) simple cuboidal epithelium; no brush border
b) smaller cells than proximal tubule
c) macula densa – part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
d) secretes hydrogen and ammonium ions to maintain acid/base balance
e) responds to aldosterone by resorbing sodium and secreting potassium

Question 23

collecting tubules and ducts

Answer 23

a) cuboidal epithelium with distinct lateral borders
b) vasopressin (ADH) increases permeability to water allowing it to return to blood
c) delivers urine to renal pelvis

Question 24

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 24

1. afferent arteriole
2. distal tubule
3. extraglomerular masangial cells
4. renin-angiotensin system

Question 25

afferent arteriole

Answer 25

juxtaglomerular cells modified smooth muscle cells secrete renin

Question 26

distal tubule

Answer 26

macula densa narrow columnar epithelium detect sodium ion concentration of filtrate

Question 27

renin-angiotensin system

Answer 27

a) macula densa monitors ion concentration and communicates with juxtaglomerular cells b) juxtaglomerular cells release renin c) renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I (inactive) d) converting enzyme in lung endothelial cells converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II e) angiotensin II increases blood pressure; vasoconstriction; stimulates aldosterone release (conserves sodium and chloride)

Question 28

external passages

Answer 28

``` calyces renal pelvis ureters bladder urethra ```

Question 29

basic structure

Answer 29

1. mucosa 2. no submucosa 3. muscularis

Question 30

mucosa

Answer 30

1. transitional epithelium except in urethra 2. lamina propria (loose to dense CT) 3. no muscularis mucosa

Question 31

muscularis

Answer 31

smooth muscle; helical with areas of inner circular and outer longitudinal

Question 32

bladder

Answer 32

dome cells of epithelium | three layers of smooth muscle

Question 33

urethra (male)

Answer 33

prostatic (transitional epithelium) membranous (stratified/pseudo columnar epithelium) penile (pseudo stratified columnar, some squamous)

Question 34

urethra (female)

Answer 34

stratified squamous nonkeratinized with some pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 35

urine passage

Answer 35

``` nephron collecting duct papillary duct minor calyx major calyx renal pelvis ureter urinary bladder ```