Unit 1 Test Terms

Question 1

Husbandry

Answer 1

Started 1,000 years ago. It is the practice of growing plants and raising life stock

Question 2

Why did people begin to settle?

Answer 2

(all theories) there was more land because the climate was increasing and the ice was melting Population Pressure (Too little resources so people settled when they found a spot with no tribal competition.)

Question 3

What did Husbandry lead to?

Answer 3

a surplus in food, allowing people to start specializing in other crafts. ***critical time because it caused the shift from hunter/gatherer to villages and cities

Question 4

Hunter/Gatherer

Answer 4

the nomadic lifestyle revolved around getting food; the lifestyle of the first peoples

Question 5

first Humans we know of

Answer 5

100 thousand years ago found in Africa

Question 6

Civilization

Answer 6

each one was defined by what we are doing with the spot where we are (how the people interacted with the environment)

Question 7

4 Early civilizations

Answer 7

The Nile, Tigris and Euphrates, Indus Valley, and Yellow River appeared around major rivers for farming perposes. LOCATE ON A MAP

Question 8

Alexander the Great

Answer 8

~356-323 BC Came after Philip II king of Macedon and empire waned after him, it was split into independent states of the hellenistic period. A major conquerer for Greece, built up the Greece empire. Conquered the entire Macedonian Empire. SPREAD GREEK CULTURE AND LANGUAGE. Did it all very young, had great charisma. Only lived to be 32/35. Was an example of a leader people wanted to follow

Question 9

Ancient Egypt

Answer 9

~3150 BC Located in the Nile area. One of the first early civilizations. Developed a series of canals for irrigation to control the water flow in order to have successful farming. Developed tools to make canals. FOUNDED WRITTEN LANGUAGE (HIEROGLYPHICS). FOUNDED B/C LEADERS NEEDED TO DELIVER MESSAGES TO THE PEOPLE, EVENTUALLY THESE MESSAGES DEVELOPED INTO LAWS.

Question 10

Why do we care about the invention of writing/script?

Answer 10

written language allows historians to learn about the past and gives credible evidence of what happened.

Egyptions used logograms (pictures and symbols that conveyed a meaning)

Persains used and Alphabet (each sound in the language is represented by a symbol)

Question 11

Phoenicians

Answer 11

from present-day Lebanon, 1200-500 BC. Mostly a sea empire. controlled the seas. THE CREATED THE IDEA OF AN ALPHABET (PHONETIC SYSTEM) WHERE EACH SOUND IN THE LANGUAGE GETS A SYMBOL

Question 12

Aristotle

Answer 12

322 BC POLITICS, LINGUISTICS, MATH, SCIENCE, PHYSICS. his thoughts had huge impacts in these areas. During the Middle Ages, Aristotelian metaphysics had a profound influence on philosophical and theological thinking in the Islamic, Jewish and Christian traditions, where its legacy is still felt in Christian theology. Anatomy, astronomy, economics, embryology, geography, geology, meteorology, physics and zoology, in the area of physical sciences. He also wrote on aesthetics, ethics, government, metaphysics, politics, psychology, rhetoric and theology. He extensively studied education, foreign customs, literature and poetry. he studied everything! contributed to much of our thinking today.

Question 13

Homer

Answer 13

The Iliac and Odyssey. Persuasive speaking/writing. Greek gods/religion, his work is considered the earliest western civilization work.

Question 14

Plato

Answer 14

348 BC basic science, which affected religion. Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science helped develop socrates ideas.

Question 15

Socrates

Answer 15

laying the fundamentals of Western philosophy. The idea of Dialectic was to oppose every belief with a counter-argument to test its validity.

Question 16

Hammurabi

Answer 16

1792-1750 BC known for his code of law. that teaches us the transition between civilization to Polity (A society organized by a political orgaization)

assumed the throne from his father, Sin-Muballit, and expanded the kingdom to conquer all of ancient Mesopotamia. his son, Samsu-Iluna, took over the responsibilities of the throne and assumed full reign in 1749 BCE

Question 17

Babylonians

Answer 17

became an empire around 600 BC known for Hammurabi’s code and his conquring. along with Nebuchadnezzar II who conqured most middle east including Jerusalem (the destruction of the first temple.) Assyrians were before them and persians where after them

Question 18

Mandate of Heaven

Answer 18

The anchient chinese idea that the emporer got his power from heaven and it was meant to be each time a dynasty failed and another one stepped into place (god willed it) emerged during the Zhou (Joe) dynasty- it is how they claimed power.

Question 19

Han Dynasty

Answer 19

begins in 206 B.C “Golden age” of China many inventions came from this Dynasty. had a grat economy. the first documented connection between China and Europe occured during this time. The Silk Route. Under them China greatly expanded its territory and power. The arts and sciences thrived to new heights. important works of history, medicine, philosophy, and politics.

Question 20

Christianity’s break for Judaism

Answer 20

First just called them selves the new Jews

started to pull away during the post-apostalic period

Paul contributed by preaching outside of Palistine to Pagans. They said any non Jew could take up the religion, all were encouraged to join.

-Romans taxed Jews in the year 70 and the saw all the Christians that never really where Jewish and so the exempt them. This was the first official recognision of them as a seperate group. then sabbath laws and passover laws were relaxed by Christians in the second century. Final split came when Jewish Rabbis made the mishnah and the new authority and law was established for Jews.

Question 21

Peloponnesian War

Answer 21

431-404 BC Athens vs. Sparta

very intense battles, Sparta ends up winning. the war eneded in widespread poverty, the depleated one another with all the fighting. This lead to the eventual fall of all of Greece empire because it was so weak from fighting. Spartans go on to conqure most of Greece before it’s down fall to Macedonia.

Question 22

Zhou Dynasty of China

Answer 22

1046-256 BC Started the idea of the mandate of heaven. They made the shift from Yellow river to Yangtze river. the climates where much different and the onset of new dieases from the area made it very hard. They started to do rice farming in the Yangtze area which is where the disease came from.

Question 23

Vedas

Answer 23

The main religious text of Hinduism. is believed to be created by dieties- authorless. beleived to be eterenal truths that rain true for everyone. most like likely composed by poets over time.

Question 24

Hinduism

Answer 24

emerged from ancient Indian traditions formed during the early period or Vedic period adopted in India. the Vedas id their main text. the religion came about by the combination of all traditons similar to those in the Vedas in the classical period of hinduism (200bc-1100ad) had 4 main beliefs:

Dharma-ethics, Artha-Prosperity, Kama- life, love, and affection, moksha- free of sorrow

Question 25

The Ice Age

Answer 25

first one: 70,000-60,000 years ago, created land bridges that allowed people to walk the indonesian acrchipelage on foot and travel the rest of the distance by boat to aurstralia. the last ice age of the world history woas 30,000 to 13500 years ago. severly altered the flora and fauna. this one produced the land bridge allowing humans cross from Asia to America

Question 26

Hijra

Answer 26

When Muhammas and his folowers escaped Mecca in 622, it is the start of their calender year. it gave Muslims the opportunity to establish an important center there for Islam. turning point in the Islamic movement

Question 27

Islam

Answer 27

Started by a man named Muhammad ibn Abdallah. he liked to seclude himself up in a mountain. While he was up there he says that the angel Gabriel appeared to him many times bringing him revelations that he was told to share with Mecca. At this point people did not believe in just one god so it was difficult for him to find followers. in 622 mecca tries to assassinate him, but he and his followers escape (Hijra) the accept all profits and believe that muhammad is the last profit. by his death he had created a polity along with a religion so the people had to find a new leader, who they called Caliph (successor of) the first four (aba Baker, Umar, Uthman, and Ali) are considered the rightfully guided and they brought about the spread of the arab empire. official verson of the koran was decided on. these first four leaders are replaced by Umayyads who grew the empires to even more awesome lengths. the rebuilt the dome of the rock in jerusalem, Al-Aqsa mosque in Islam. they were overthrown in 750 and Abbasid takes over the empire in 1258

Question 28

other main texts/parts of Islam

Answer 28

Hadith- sayings fo teh prophets sharia- islam law Ulama- clerics who interpreted the law Jihad- has differing interpretations. most believe that it simply justifies fighting once they have been attacked, some of the more extremist say that it means they should go attack people of other religions

Question 29

pact of Umar

Answer 29

effected a lot of lifes, it was an agreement between christains and musliums, allowing christians to stay in musilum cities as long as they didn't practiceand met other guidlines basically making them slaves. the conditions ensured their continued humiliation, degradation and disgrace.

Question 30

confucianism

Answer 30

founded a way of life- a cecular religion. the beleived in things such as being ritous, good to others, training yourself to be better. respecting social order, rulers, teachers, elders. religion evolved from moral tradition. very much so a accept where you are at in life, don;t try to change it sort of religion like buddisum

Question 31

Judaisum

Answer 31

starts with the old testament. and abrahamic religoin Abraham-isaac-jacob-12 tribes. it was the first monothistic religion so the encured a lot of strife from others. eventually the Jews migrate to Egypt where they are inslaved and moses fights for their freedom, the plagues and spliting of the red sea. they wander the dessert for "40" days, circle palisine, cross jordan river and attack the pagans there in palistine. then there is kning david who is the earilest person there is proof of.and his son king solomon who built the first temple. after his death th kingdom was split into judea and israel. the assryinas lay seige of isreal . once syrus the great takes over the Jews are alowed back into Palistine and the second temple is builtherod the great saw himself as a jew. the great revolt of the jewish people in 66-73 ended in defeat and in 70 ad the treasures of the second temple are taken. the talmud in written; the main text fro jews that disuccss all issues in the religion

Question 32

Qur'an (koran)

Answer 32

the main text of Islam. there were many version, many of which sevived today even though all versions except the one Umar decided on were suppose to be burned. viewed by Muslims as the direct word of God, the culmination of a series of revelations of muhammad.

Question 33

rise of christianity

Answer 33

as christians broke away from judaism, they grew increasingly popular. they had less strict rules, taught that anyone, even nonjews could become christian, they had a tangible person to look up to, the avticly sought followers and evangalized. all of this aided in the rapid grow of the religion. constantine the great 306-337 officially accepted christianinity and stopped the genocide. theodosius made christianity the official religion of rome in 380 the great schis 1054 split into eastern orthodox and western roman catholic

Question 34

cyrus the great

Answer 34

559-530 while the babyolonians forced overyone out of their home lands when the conqured them, he said everyone could return. ALLOWED JEWS TO RETURN TO PALINSTINE. proof is on the cyrus cylinder and in the bible. founder of the persian empire ruled after his father Cambyses I and succeeded by his son, Cambyses II, who reigned until 559 BC suffered from over extesion

Question 35

Julius Ceaser

Answer 35

~58 bc-44 before him roam was ruled by two consuls who were elected by the citizens of Rome. Rome was then known as a Republic. after him his adopted nephew agustus becomes empirer. moved roman from a republic to an empire. he claaed him self dicatator for life. he was the first general to invade britam and cross uphrine river. assasinated 44 BC

Question 36

the great revolt in Palistine

Answer 36

the jews revolted. at first it was succuesfull because the Roman empire did not have much hold here, but Titus quickly moved in and destroyed them and the second temple. the jews had just been tired of all the extra taxes and strife they had under the roman empire 66 AD

Question 37

Rome splits

Answer 37

after marcu aurlius dies there is a major decline in leadership "crisis of the third century" 235-284 diocletion decided to devided the empirer into eastern and western halves.naming himself agustus of the west and maximian agustus of east. does not last lon because constantine the great runites them

Question 38

constantine the great

Answer 38

306 ad-337 **abolishes the system of the two kingdoms** and becoms ruler of all of Rome. makes a new Rome with the capitol constantinople, now instanbul. stratigically located at the black see. **recognises christianity and stops their persecution**. the gemanic people invade and end the roman empire.

Question 39

fall of Rome

Answer 39

476 AD the Germanic people north of them are being pushed by the invading Huns, so they start to invade Rome, Rome is too weak to fend them off and the western empire collapses, weak from poor economy and they had been distanced from the eastern half when diocletion split the empire, causing the two halfs to drift apart despite the constantine's efforts to runite the two. they were over extended

Question 40

Greek Mythology

Answer 40

n ancient Greece, stories about gods and goddesses and heroes and monsters were an important part of everyday life. They explained everything from religious rituals to the weather, and they gave meaning to the world people saw around them. greek mythology is one of the earliest examples of phylisophical thinking, asking why and how things happen

Question 41

Hasmonean kingdom

Answer 41

140-37BC A Hellenistic (the period where all of greece broke into city-states) independent Jewish state the jews lead a sucessful revolt against the greeks and governed their own independant state for a century, for once jewish life florished in the holy land

Question 42

Compare Athens and Sparta

Answer 42

They were both Greek City-states in the fifth century with poliytheistic beliefs. They were fighting esch othere for control of Greece. Athens was democratic and Sparta was an oligargy. Athens was a trade based economy and sparta was a farm based economy. sparta had a heavier empases on military. Athens was located on the small peninsula of Atticca in shoutheastern Greece. Sparta was located on a plain in the peloponnesus peninsula southwest of Athens

Question 43

features of ancient Greek towns

Answer 43

Most of the population of a polis lived in the city rather than being spread across small farm communities in the surrounding territory and the heart of the urban area was usually a sacred space with one or more temples. all male citizens had (at least theoretically) equal political rights based on ownership of property. In practice, whatever the political system adopted - tyranny, oligarchy or democracy - political power was dominated by a few aristocratic families who held for themselves all the important positions. fortified with a city wall. specific areas of the city designated for private, public and religious functions. Many poleis also had a designated space for public assembly, either for political purposes or also for entertainment, for example, a theatre and a gymnasium.

Question 44

Exspansion of Rome

Answer 44

started gaining strength from about 510 B.C. until the middle of the 3rd century B.C. as the Romans conqured lands they would give land in the area to veterans, thus causeing what is called Romanization, the spreading of Roman culture and tradtion.

Question 45

Rome in the Roman Kingdom (753-509 BC)

Answer 45

begins with the founding of the city. Whenever a king died, Rome entered a period of interregnum. Supreme power of the state would devolve to the Senate, which was responsible for finding a new king. (ruled by kings until the romandd officially threw them off and so they became a republic)

Question 46

Rome in the Roman republic (509-27BC)

Answer 46

the republic had a separation of powers. there where two main political rivals the Patricains (old style had always been in Rome) and the Plebians( the new people) romanization occured, yet they had little success in spreading latin- Romans where everywhere at the beginning of the common era

Question 47

Rome in the Roman Empire (West: 27-476, ## Footnote East: 330-1453)

Answer 47

Julius Ceaser moved rome from the republic to the empire. he was assainated and Rome underwent another civil war of power strugglemade the decision not to envade Germanic people which later causes their downfall. the great revolte of the jews, the split, the reconcilication by constantine the great and finally their downfall

Question 48

Greece in the Archaic period (800-480 BC)

Answer 48

This period saw the rise of the polis and the founding of colonies, as well as the first inklings of classical philosophy, theatre in the form of tragedies performed during Dionysia, and written poetry, which appeared with the reintroduction of the written language. Homer lived intheis period

Question 49

Greece in the Classical period (480-323 BC)

Answer 49

Persian Wars between the Greeks and the Persians at the beginning of the fifth century B.C. and the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C. The peloponnesian war between the Athenians and the Spartans—but it was also an era of unprecedented political and cultural achievement. period Socrates lived in

Question 50

Greece in the Hellenistic period (after 323 BC)

Answer 50

the period of city-states most prevelant- the Hasmonean kingdom. Roman conquest ends this knigdom and period 30 BC

Question 51

Chinese dynasties

Answer 51

a dynasty is a family that rules son after son untill their power deminishes. China can trace her culture back to a blend of small original tribes which have expanded till they became the great country we have today. the tribes emerged around the yellow river. the dynasties inforced much strickter rules on their citizens than other areas. each dynasty rises to a political, cultural, and economic peak and then, because of moral corruption, declines, loses the Mandate of Heaven, and falls, only to be replaced by a new dynasty. Xia (2070-1600 BC) Shang- (1600-1046 BC) (early chinese writing) Zhou (1046-256) Qin (221-206) Han

Question 52

Buddhism

Answer 52

in north eastern India. started by Siddhartha Guatama (buddha) his experiences and deep meditaiton caused a revolation. he taught the 3 noble truths: life=suffering, suffering=caused by greed, suffering can be overcome, noble 8-foldpath leads to end of suffering: right view, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, right concentration. They do not reject other religions. just the idea that you need to lead a moral life

Question 53

emergence of monotheism

Answer 53

Certain monotheistic traits were displayed in both Zoroastrianism and, for a time, in ancient Egyptian religion. Generally, however, it is considered that monotheism originated in ancient Israel. Judaism was one of the first groups to present the idea of monotheism. As the Achaemenid Persian Empire brought together different people in the lands that they conqured, all these scribes began to complie isrialite religious traditions from palestine into larger collections of writings that became Judaism one of the founders declaired there was only one God.