Unit 2 Test Terms

Question 1

Grand Canal of China

Answer 1

made during the Sui dynasty
connected the yellow river and the Yangtze river
longest canal
furthered an indigenous and growing economic market in China’s urban centers since the Sui period

Question 2

Maya Civilization

Answer 2

200-800 AD middle ages outside Europe
proved that even with though they did not have any contact with anyone else, they still developed similarly
had three constricting areas that their people lived in causing varied culture
commonalities:
common thread of native American civilization
rulers had three responsibilities- war, communication with the dead, and building ceremonial centers
divided among city-states (no large empire)
held sacrifices
everything that they thought was important occurred around spiritual centers that were surrounded by markets and peasant dwellings
had a unique text- only people known to have a fully written language before Columbus
studied astronomy and had priestly time keeping
only native Americans to survive Spanish invasion

Question 3

Middle ages in Europe

Answer 3

from the fall of rome to the black death/renaissance
the catholic church became a very powerful authority, a large spread of Christianity under Charlemagne’s rule
monasteries were on the rise, people wanted to become monks or nuns lots of new orders began to pop up
in the high middle ages and explosion of states
feudalism
created a dependency of lower classes on the higher ones and had low social mobility
there was a steep population incline and development of ag tools allowing many people to move in to the cities because of the surplus (urbanization)
emergence of the university
spread of christianity with crusades

Question 4

Sui Dynasty of China

Answer 4

of the early middle ages 581–618
unified china after a long north/south divide
reestablished Confucian rituals last used in government by the Han dynasty
created an administration system with 3 departments that ruled over 6 ministries
dug the grand canal
levy of heavy taxation eventually leads to rebellions and their down fall (a reoccurring theme in china)
Tang Dynasty came after them and preceded by a norther and southern dynasties

Question 5

tang dynasty

Answer 5

came after the sui dynasty
of the early middle ages 618–907
one of the best times in china’s history
fostered immense population growth
raised a massive army
they where so feared that people would make deals with china to pledge allegiance to the tang
recruited people based on recommendation and resumes
great age for Chinese poets
for once culture, scholarship, and science flourished in east rather than the west
invention of woodblock printing
cultural integration and assimilation from marriages to turkish princes and important figures- hub of cultural exchanges
eventually ran into the abbasid empire as they both were expanding
battle of talas
spread islam to central asia
buddist ideas spread to china
diseases were spread

Question 6

battle of talas

Answer 6

751 Abbasid and tang dynasty
marks the most easter and western respectively
islam becomes the central religion of central asia
brought a spread of diseases

Question 7

wood block printing

Answer 7

the first type of mass printing, carved a page on to a block and then copied the whole page at once, developed in china during Tang, less efficient than the later movable type print developed by Johannes Gutenberg in 1430’s (printed bible in 1350’s) in Europe

Question 8

spread of Yerisinia Pestis (black plague)

Answer 8

spread by the mongols in the steppes large groups of them traveled around carrying diseased rats to new areas to china first. they would disregard local customs that were in place to lessen the severity of plague and the spread, so they made conditions worse where ever they settled from theses places it spread fast through ports
once hong kong had it all the major ports did
in Europe in 1346, wreaked havoc in many areas because of the highly populated cities,
three types, one (tuberculosis) also spread though cough

Question 9

effects of the black plague europe

Answer 9

so many people died that less qualified people were allowed to take on higher positions. one example is in churches men not fully qualified became prist and bishop.
caused a weakening of the church authority over the people
loss of peasants made the ones that did survive in high demand, raising their wages (in Europe) also fewer people to consume food so they could initially produce less

Question 10

effects of the black plague egypt

Answer 10

no one to sustain the canals regularly so they flooded, destroying most of their crops, too expensive to pay the peasants, so they moved into cities b/c none hired them
poverty and food shortage increased

Question 11

Song Dynasty in China

Answer 11

960-1271 during the late/high middle ages (split north and south- south came after north and lasted longer) first to issue paper money, increase the military used gun power, first to use a compass
improved ag technology, causing surplus in food
and steep population rise the economy started to develop more and the idea of a free market is used for the first time
after Tang before Yuan

Question 12

little ice age

Answer 12

early 14th to late 19th polar ice caps move southscharp decrease in temperature, causing less usable soil there was too much precipitation causing destruction of crops
caused floods, people abandoning unusable lands, freezing of major bodies of water caused the great famine

Question 13

the great famine

Answer 13

1315-21 -during the middle ages
caused by the little ice age
very cold in winter people were anxious and more willing to fight, increased piracy problems
economic collapse, everyone was in debt causing many people to be forced into servitude
severe chronic malnutrition-aided the spread of diseases
most likely effected by black death

Question 14

crusades

Answer 14

monasteries were going everywhere to try to spread the religion
they had a problem, they did not occupy palistine (the holy land)
it was under muslim rule
european leader rose large armies to fight for it (but most christians didn’t care if they held control of it)
mostly french people
it was a dangerous journey there, only half made it
1099 they lay siege on Jerusalem and it falls
only a few crusaders stayed, both local Christians and Muslims did not want them there- everyone was happy before
this caused the islamic people to forever hold a grudge against the christened, still call them “crusaders” today, still influence their modern day thought

Question 15

Seljuqs

Answer 15

the main controllers of the islamic empire during the crusades, they had less of a hold in the palistine area and a group rose an army and made their own state, moving into eqypt
conquered the byzantines, but did not settle the area they retreated from, allowing the ottomans to move in

Question 16

Saladin

Answer 16

fought for Salah a-din al-ayyubi and stopped the crusaders eastern expansion, also over took the Fatimids in Egypt, trapping the crusaders in 1187 they over took the crusaders and took Jerusalem back

Question 17

battle of Hattin/Hittin

Answer 17

Middle ages- Saladin overtakes the crusaders and gets Jerusalem, christians never hold control of the holy land again

Question 18

Ottoman Empire

Answer 18

nomads- therefore less effected by black death they were turkish longest ruling muslim empire
moved in to the area left from they seljuqs defeating byzantine causing them to retreat, but no one else had settled the land
founder Osman I and they began to overtake byzantine
first capitol was Bursa second was Edirne, eventually Mehmet II took constantinople
they would invade one place, take all their resources and leave
rulers thought of themselves as world rulers
Suleyman the magnificent Suni muslim of ottoman empire fought with shah tahmasp and charles the V for world dominance

Question 19

Renaissance

Answer 19

“rebirth” the modern age-folrence Italy
renwed will to learn and culture
important figures include petrarch and boccaccio.
was the end of the middle ages
new governing- civic humanism
Medici family
cosmimode medici- civic humanist
became a very influential family and big banker
art advancements
female scholars, more opportunities for women, women issues more widely talked about

Question 20

romanesque architecture

Answer 20

ren. architecture- less religious inspired, more focused on the beauty of nature, more rounded arches,, more lit

Question 21

Petrarch

Answer 21

beginning of the renaissance
a poet and a novelist
used scripts from ancient greek and Roman worlds
wrote to dead and future people
wanted to review study of latin and greek

Question 22

boccaccio

Answer 22

also considered a main originator of renassaince

Question 23

gothic

Answer 23

no symmetry, pointed arches

Question 24

Plague of Justinian

Answer 24

541-2 first plaque pandemic hit the byzantine empire under Justinian I

Question 25

Byzantium

Answer 25

fall of western roman empire to the rise of islam main ruler of Justinian I "the great age" 527-567 fought off vandals, ostrogoths trying to regain sone of the lost western empire rose taxes code of Justinian- compiled law from many previous rulers, inspired many later legislation plague of Justinian crusaders came through Constantinople

Question 26

Charlemangne

Answer 26

charles the great 786-814 people recognize his authority and convert to christianity called himself "new emperor of rome" though he never ruled rome held diplomatic relations with the abbasids had an alliance with Harun al-rashid of the abbasids

Question 27

mongols

Answer 27

classic period gengis khan big ruler united a to of tribes takes over gin dynasty the further they traveled, the more followers they amassed had a multi cultural attitude, enveloped the cultures of those that they conquered ]they were ruthless china was controlled by mongols starting with the yuan dynasty conqured baghdad and took on Islam battle of Ain Jalut

Question 28

battle of ain Jalut

Answer 28

mongols vs mamluks mamluks successful- the ones that stopped mongols major advance to the west spread diseases

Question 29

mamluks

Answer 29

cover a state called Ilkhanid | leader converted to Islam integrated mongols to middle eastern society*****

Question 30

Yuan Dynasty of china

Answer 30

ran by the mongols, considered to be the successor of the mongol empire A rich cultural diversity developed during the Yuan dynasty. The major cultural achievements were the development of drama and the novel and the increased use of the written vernacular. The political unity of China and much of central Asia promoted trade between East and West.

Question 31

Russia

Answer 31

Kievan Rus 882-1283 dispersed due to economic crisis the Rurik Dynasty takes over the Russians- such of muscovy eventually over took the rulers expanded north with missionaries Ivan the great got rid of the mongols and expanded the state he understood economics created the north south empire that was more successful than the east west of earlier dynasties Ivan the terrible 1533-84 created the tsardom of russia and continued the expansion he was harsh with opponents and the rurik dynasty disappears after him

Question 32

Safavid Iran

Answer 32

founded by Shah Ismail I the first major Shii state (muslims that believed Muhammad's cousin Ali and descendants should have ruled) resisted Ottoman expansion got rid of the mumluks

Question 33

Avigning Papacy

Answer 33

after the black death, people began to question then authority of the catholic church, for a while there was a line of popes in france instead of Rome. all the deaths due to famine and black death caused people to start to look other places in for answers to stop this when they were not given any answers from the church.