Unit 3 Test Terms

Question 1

Ming Dynasty of China

Answer 1

removed mongol rule of Yuan dynasty
ruled 1368-1644
built great wall of china (most of it)
created a place for administration (forbidden city)
science was advanced (Li Shizhen (book still used today))
first to develop carful and meticulous anti-famin measures (several new crops introduced through trading-potatoes, corn, chili pepper)
they traded a lot with others

Question 2

Great Wall of China

Answer 2

1368 building started
built mostly by the Ming dynasty
building went for over a century
used to keep northern enemies at bay

Question 3

Forbidden City (Beijing)

Answer 3

made by the ming dynasty
over 10,000 bedrooms
becomes northern capital and allowed emperors to shield themselves from others (seclusion)

Question 4

Reformation in England

Answer 4

created the Anglican church “church of England” by King Henry the XIII so that he could divorce his wife 1534
restoration of Catholicism later under one of his wife- Mary
each change was violently imposed (killing of those unwilling to convert
Elizabeth I eventually restored the original reformation
the act of supremacy if 1559 declared the king/queen head of the church of England this was an attempt to compromise between catholic and protestants

Question 5

Age of Exploration (or discovery)

Answer 5

colonization of the New world
-Spain, Portugal, England, France, Dutch
-Demographic collapse of native populations
-military conquest of central and south american empires
aggressive/ violent subjection of other cultures in interest of a country
-wiped out many cultures-demographic collapse of natives by 17th century
colonization of the new world
-diseases wiped locals anywhere they went (mores in Am than anywhere else)
-military campaigns destroyed some (mainly in south Am)
-though the Europeans where out numbered, they had better weapons
Hernán cortes
Inca empire

Question 6

Hernan Cortes

Answer 6

came to the Aztec empire 1519-1521: conquered and raided the area
-they had few numbers, but found allies in the locals
he was part of the Spanish exploration and continuation of the reconquista (people trying to spread Catholicism re conquer the world for Catholicism)
viewed the natives as not good

Question 7

Inca Empire

Answer 7

empire since 1438
Fransisco Pizzario finds and conquers them
located in South America
capitol is Cusco
the Inca Empire opened the door to further exploration

Question 8

Fransisco Pizzario

Answer 8

found the Inca empire in 1526
he returns two more times
-1532 with less than 200 people captures Inca empire and ends it
-head great military technology and small pox to aid them, Internal conflict in the Inca Empire also helped

Question 9

Catholic Reformation

Answer 9

Council of Trent
main response of the Catholic church to the Protestant reformat
a series of meetings (25) between 1554-63 that resulted in decrees and reforms
also called the counter reformation

Question 10

Kievan Rus

Answer 10

One of the first major dynasties in Russia
disbanded due to economic crisis
eventually the moguls take over with the Rurik dynasty

Question 11

Rurik dynasty

Answer 11

Mongols invade Russa and facilitate the decline of the Kievan Rus and the increase of the Rurik power
established rule in northern Russia- Novograd
disintegrated due to economic downfall because of byzantine empire allowing the rise of the Romanov
Ivan III the Great
got rid of the mongols understood economics
used a north south river to connect toe economy of the dynasty
Ivan IV the Terrible
-had large territorial expansion
-held long rule because the weather was good leaving people happy dynasty ends after him

Question 12

Duchy of Moscow

Answer 12

Muscovy became the center of the Kievan Rus principalities

Question 13

Romanov dynasty

Answer 13

Mikhail I, 1613-45
Aleksei I, 1645-76
Peter I, the Great, 1682-1725
becomes the Tsar and later the emperor

Question 14

Osman I

Answer 14

founder of the Ottoman empire (from one of the principalities that occupied the area between Europe and middle east
had a dream about conquering territory and did it
his son conquers Bursa ( becomes first capital)
Edirne is conquered and becomes second capital
Ottoman expansion to the Balkans and Eastern Anatolia

Question 15

Act of Union of 1707

Answer 15

England and Scotland unite to form Great Britain

Question 16

Ottoman Empire: from its rise to the eighteenth century

Answer 16

Sultan Suleyman I the Magnificent, the Lawgiver
1522-Rhodes
1529-Buda, siege of Vienna
1534-Baghdad
1538-Preveza (Barbarosa)
massive land conquered by Suleyman in the Mediterranean
Battle of Lepanto- Europeans destroy Ottoman fleet
10/7/1571
18th century
-no more territorial expansions
-focus on inner growth
-evolution of Ottoman diplomacy
-strong European influences in court and society
-tulip era- symbolized the greatness of Europe
-baroque style influences architecture
-no written signs

Question 17

Suleyman the Magnificent

Answer 17

conquered massive land territories in the Mediterranean
believed he had a mandate to rule the world
came close to conquering Vienna and ending catholic church
oversaw the development of what came to be regarded as the most characteristic achievements of Ottoman civilization in the fields of law, literature, art, and architecture
inspires people still today
campaigned against Christian European powers

Question 18

Safavids

Answer 18

Iran
1501-1722
conquered Iran from the Timurids
made Iran a shiite state- followers of Ali and his descendants
resisted Ottoman occupation/expansion (most significant threat, but neither strong enough to conquer the other)
Shah Ismail I
founder of this dynasty
shah, sultan, khan = titles for rulers
shii’s vs. Suni’s

Question 19

Mughal Empire: from rise to 18th century and downfall

Answer 19

-Muslims, Mongol turned Persian
-Indo-Persian culture
-architecture, Urdu language
-successfully rejected colonialism of the Ottomans and the Portuguese
-starts with Muhammad Babur-defeated and destroyed Delhi Sultanate
-Akbar the Great- classic period of munghul
-Jahangir Khan
-Shah Jahan and Mughal architecture
-Shah Jahan (ruler)
- (supported architecture) built Taj Mahal as a burial place of Shah Jahan and his wife
developed Jama Masjid (mosque) in Delhi (can hold 25,000 worshippers)
-crisis of the 17th century hit them less than others
-up to mid-18th century Mughals largest exporters to Europe
-European merchants in India of various nations
-overextension of territories leads to a financial collapse in second half of century
-British involvement (through English East India Company) turns from commercial to military

Question 20

Ottoman conquest of Constantinople

Answer 20

Sultan Mehmet II
(great-grandson of Beyazit)
end of Byzantine empire
Constantinople was a highly sought after for it’s strategic location for trading and helped the Ottomans survive

Question 21

Ottoman conquest of Arab world

Answer 21

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Question 22

Scientific Revolution (+ main operating scientists and discoveries/inventions)

Answer 22

scientists begin to collaborate during this period and form new discoveries
developments that laid foundation for modern science
became more acceptable to challenge existing customers (because of protestant reformation)

Question 23

Nicolaus Copernicus

Answer 23

SR- sun is the center of the universe

Question 24

Tycho Brahe

Answer 24

SR- astronomy- stars and comets are constantly moving

Question 25

Francis Bacon

Answer 25

SR- evidence has to be credible- core of research methodology

Question 26

Johannes Kepler

Answer 26

SR- mathematician and astronomer- scientist from all over where coming together and collaborating

Question 27

Galileo Galilei

Answer 27

SR- astronomer, philosopher, math believed Copernicus- got in a big fight over it discovered moons

Question 28

Rene Descartes

Answer 28

SR- father of modern day philosophy | any point in space or time can be labeled by it's location ( (#'s)

Question 29

Isaac Newton

Answer 29

SR-Gravity, calculus

Question 30

Characteristics of the 18th century

Answer 30

increase in the pace of increasing population because the climate was warming up emergence of mew cities idea of vaccines roomier cities- wider streets great fire of London -british king decided to ask for proposals of how to rebuild London, Wren won, building codes were invented age of enlightenment

Question 31

age of enlightenment

Answer 31

a cultural movement emphasized reason, logic, science, skepticism, attack on church development out side of the church church attacked by scholars enlightened despots -kings and queens that encouraged enlightened thinking 1st copyright on the statue of queen Anne voltaire Denis Diderot Moses Mendelssohn spinning genni- helped cotton become cheaper

Question 32

Voltaire

Answer 32

writer, philosopher, historian, critic of the Catholic church said races exist, not all humans came form Adam and eve opposed slavery, but thought that blacks were inferior to whites

Question 33

Denis Diderot

Answer 33

published general encyclopedia | -reflected values of enlightenment and spread knowledge

Question 34

Moses Mendelssohn

Answer 34

forefather of Jewish Enlightenment movement led to reformation of Judaism in 19th century Germany grandfather of Felix Mendelssohn the composer

Question 35

Baroque art/architecture/music (including women artists)

Answer 35

``` Architecture clear details, symmetry grandeur in sculptures and paintings Catholic reformation influence feature of Baroque architecture: facades, splendid interiors ``` Baroque paintings detailed, dark background- similar colors- dark Las Meninas by Diego Velazquez The Night Watch by Rembrandt ``` Music Antonio Vivaldi 4 seasons Johann Sebastian Bach George Frideric Handel ``` ``` Women in Baroque Art Artemisia Gentileschi- first woman to go to a prestigious art school self portraits Judith Slaying Holofornes Ulrica Pasch Rosalba Carriera Josefa de Obidos ```

Question 36

Rococo architecture/art

Answer 36

abstract, asymmetrical, curved, bright colors | art- more colorful, not as dark

Question 37

Neoclassical art

Answer 37

``` Architecture -late 18th century -return to Greek and Roman models Music -classical period -Joseph Hayden -Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ```

Question 38

Aztec Empire

Answer 38

Hernan Cortez came to the Aztec empire 1519-1521: conquered and raided the area and creates new spain conquest of Aztecs related to spanish exploration and Reconquista

Question 39

Partitions of Poland

Answer 39

Russia, Prussia and Austria put an end to the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth russia weak- let Poland take some of land once russia grows stronger there is a constant back and forth between the two over the land Poland was split- always an important area to Russia/Germany

Question 40

Great Northern War

Answer 40

- War between the two powers of the Baltic: Russia and Sweden - Different form 30 years war in reasons and goals - Sweden loses, territories partitioned - Russia becomes major power in the Baltic, European politics - Sweden to become a constitutional monarchy - goal to end Swedish partition, not a religious war

Question 41

Russo-Ottoman War of 1768-74

Answer 41

war ends with treaty of Kucuk Kaynarca Russians superior to Ottomans, claim territories and outlet to the Mediterranean via Black Sea Russia becomes protector of Christians in Ottoman lands beginning of “Eastern Question”

Question 42

Eastern Question

Answer 42

What will happen to Ottoman territories if the empire collapses? (British and France aided ottomans because the middle east was a strategic location for trade so they wanted it safe, if the answer to this question was unknown or that Russia would get it, B and F would support Ottoman)

Question 43

Peter the Great

Answer 43

modernized Russia -went on 18 month mission around Europe, working shipyards -founded St. Petersburg, 1703 -Peter’s grand embassy to Europe -Peterhof Palace, St. Petersburg -1724: Russian academy of sciences in St. Petersburg -Reform in the Orthodox church: -Holy Synod replaces the Patriarchate of Moscow group of clergymen -got rid of Swedish -not as successful with the ottoman

Question 44

Catherine III the great

Answer 44

facilitated the assassination of her husband Peter fought Russo-Ottoman war against Sultan Mustafa opposed the French Revolution, saw it as dangerous turned her back on French thinkers who supported it patron of the arts major player in the Enlightenment era

Question 45

Qing dynasty

Answer 45

``` takes several decades to establish rile controlled all of China by the 1680s Qianlong emperor ruled from 1735 to 1796 Chinese Enlightenment: increased literacy arts knowledge expands, reference works and literature published theater, music and dance Peking Opera from the 1790s Siku Quanshu published under Qianlong largest Chinese collection of books kangxi dictionary ```

Question 46

Slavery (history of, up to Atlantic Slave Trade, in Europe and the Muslim world)

Answer 46

still happens today slavery common in Greece & Rome 25-35% of population were slaves, at times over 50% enslavement due to wars slaves used for labor, entertainment, and sex Islam widespread in the Muslim world from the very beginning slaves obtained through conquests and slave markets force conversion to Islam slavery also a gateway for political, social and economic prosperity (for the slaves) Muslim-Arab world transformed to Muslim-Turkish/Persian from 9th century Mamluk Sultanate: a state started and governed by slaves Ottoman Empire slavery as force of social mobility in the Ottoman empire up to 17th century: slaves mostly abducted/taken from 17th: slaves mostly bought in slave markets in Africa and Barbary, shipped to Istanbul almost everyone in Ottoman palace was a slave Ottomans officially committed to end slavery in 19th century, but not in practice Europe slavery largely disappears from Europe with end of Middle ages anti-slavery laws all over Europe, but never applied to overseas colonies ``` middle passage many committed suicide jumped off ships sharks ate them conditions grew worse- despite laws passed ```

Question 47

Printing revolution (how it affected the Reformation, science, the Enlightenment, etc.)

Answer 47

The invention of printing allowed those with new ideas to create literature that could be spread wide, allowing for their ideas to be spread much further than ever before

Question 48

Dahomei

Answer 48

Benin 20% of the slave trade came from here Africans enslaved their own people money power swimming in gold due to Atlantic Slave Trade different slaves from various tribes could not communicate due to different languages

Question 49

Atlantic Slave Trade (+ its different components as discussed in Rediker’s The Slave Ship)

Answer 49

Dahomei (Benin) 1.5 million in New World by 1600, 12M overall Slave markets “Middle Passage”=the crossing of the Atlantic Slave ship captains > mates > sailors > slaves slaves don’t reproduce as much male vs. female problem health, age, productivity ghost slave ships saw people as commodities conditions coffee, tobacco, cocoa, cotton, sugar plantations tightly crammed into lower deck, which is above the hold men and women were stored in different compartments smell of death lie on wooden boards chained to one another ever so often were allowed onto the main deck for air rebellions usually took place during this time 2.5 weeks every slave ship had a captain he was the only person actually free sailors and mates had it hard as well, they were treated very poorly and very few of them actually made it back to Europe sometimes rebelled against the slave ship captain

Question 50

Martin Luther

Answer 50

1517: 95 Theses, also sends to preists "goes viral, everyone is printing and reading it 1520: first rebuttal from the pope, but thesis was already too popular 1522: services according to Lutheran form in Germany Protestant Reformation 95 Theses spread like wildfire

Question 51

Ulrich Zuringli

Answer 51

another reformer around Martin Luther Swiss Protestant leader during the Reformation Zurich reformation “67 Articles”

Question 52

John Calvin

Answer 52

another reformer around martin Luther started Calvinism Martin Luther’s successor Calvin's religious teachings emphasized the sovereignty of the scriptures and divine predestination—a doctrine holding that God chooses a select few to enter Heaven, regardless of their good works or their faith

Question 53

Differences between Catholicism and Protestantism

Answer 53

Pope (Catholics) Images & relics (protestants dont agree with the use of) Tradition vs. scriptures ( who interprets the bible (catholics- only priest and up) sacraments (only catholics) divorce and celibacy (protestants allow divorce, and priest to marry)

Question 54

Ming silver crisis

Answer 54

seas became more difficult to manage because weather was getting worse due to volcanic eruption Spain stops silver shipments from America to the Pacific Price of silver rises dramatically paying taxes becomes difficult, hoarding of silver peasants destroyed economically, leave lands, famine results Japan shuts down foreign trade with Europe ratio between silver and copper increases Ming occupied with defending northern borders

Question 55

peace of Westphalia

Answer 55

1648 series of treaties recognizes validity of different religions other than christianity one shall not interfere with religious practices people begin to be taken into account by rulers King is not the sole person lays the foundation of international relations

Question 56

Reformation in France

Answer 56

protestants fled france to geneva outright war between catholics and protestants occupies france for almost a century eventually protestants given some rights but catholics are still dominant, eventually their rights were taken away

Question 57

Thirty Years War (1618-48)

Answer 57

a series of wars last major war about religion food production at a stand still: famine and disease ensues began when Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II of Bohemia attempted to curtail the religious activities of his subjects, sparking rebellion among Protestants Sweden, France, Spain & Austria on German soil ended with a series of treaties known as Peace of Westphalia

Question 58

Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade (+ people associated with it)

Answer 58

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