Unit 10- Chapter 8

Question 1

Which of the following electrolytes is essential for the distribution of water throughout the body?

Answer 1

sodium

Question 2

What role does phosphorus play in the body?

Answer 2

It is an important component in the formation of adenosine triphosphate.

Question 3

The cell membrane is a ______________ bilayer, which is an important barrier to fluid movement and the acid-base balance.

Answer 3

phospholipid

Question 4

How does lactated ringers solution help combat intracellular acidosis associated with severe blood loss?

Answer 4

The lactate is metabolized by the liver to form bicarbonate.

Question 5

Severe hyperkalemia ( high K+ ) can result in:

Answer 5

hyperstimulation of neural transmission.

Question 6

two or more atoms bond together to form a

Answer 6

molecule

Question 7

positive and negative charged ions ( electrolytes ) are called

Answer 7

cation and anion

Question 8

major cations are

Answer 8

sodium potassium and calcium

Question 9

major anions are

Answer 9

bicarbonate , chlorine and phosphorus

Question 10

where is k+ 98 % found and whats is main purpose

Answer 10

within the cell

neuromuscular function and glucose into glycogen

Question 11

cellular potassium levels are regulated by

Answer 11

insulin

Question 12

sodium / potassium pump regulated by

Answer 12

insulin and epinephrine

Question 13

low potassium levels can lead to what

this does what

Answer 13

hypokalemia

decreased skeletal muscular function
GI disturbances
altered cardia function

Question 14

low calcium levels can lead to what

this does what

Answer 14

hypocalemia

cramps throughout body, hypotension, vasoconstriction

Question 15

high calcium levels lead to what

this does what

Answer 15

hypercalemia

weakness, lethargic, ataxia, vasodilation, hot / flushed

Question 16

what is the primary buffer in all circulating fluids

Answer 16

sodium bicarbonate

Question 17

what does chloride anion primarily regulated

Answer 17

pH of stomach

Question 18

what is a solute and solvent

Answer 18

solute- dissolved particles

solvent- fluid that does the dissolving

Question 19

balance across a cell membrane has two components

Answer 19

balance of compounds ( water / electrolytes)

balance of charges

Question 20

what is a method of moving compounds to maintain imbalance of charges

Answer 20

active transport
sodium / potassium pump
must use ATP

Question 21

what is the concentration of sodium in a solution and the movement of water in relation to the sodium levels inside or outside of a cell

Answer 21

tonicity

Question 22

what is iso , hyper and hypotonic solutions

Answer 22

iso- equal- water will not shift
hyper- greater sodium concentration than cell and will draw water out
hypo- lower sodium concentration than cell, and water will move into cell

Question 23

3 fluid compartments of the body

how much of total body weight is within these three compartments

Answer 23

inter-cellular ,
interstitial ( extracellular)
intravascular ( extracellular )

60 %

Question 24

body weight of interstitial fluid alone

Answer 24

16 %

Question 25

what are colloid solutions good for and what is an example of a colloid solution

Answer 25

because molecules are to big for cell membranes, fluid remains intravascular, pulling fluid in good for edema whole blood

Question 26

what pts are at risk fluid overload

Answer 26

hypertension and congestive heart failure isotonic stays intravascular, increasing workload of heart and fluid back up in lungs

Question 27

what is lactated ringer usually used for

Answer 27

pts who have lost alot of blood contains lactate, metabolizes in liver to form bicarbonate which combats intercellular acidosis

Question 28

what is normal saline good for

Answer 28

hydration

Question 29

marco vs micro drop set

Answer 29

macro - 10 drops to get mL | Micro- 60 drops to get mL

Question 30

where is the antecubital fossa

Answer 30

inner elbow pit

Question 31

what is cannulation

Answer 31

insert of hollow tube into vein

Question 32

most common type of catheters in pre-hospital

Answer 32

butterfly and over the needle

Question 33

catheter size should be determined by - 3

Answer 33

age of pt location need for IV admin

Question 34

examples of LOCAL IV complications (5)

Answer 34

infiltration- escape of fluid into surrounding tissue phlebitis- inflammation of vein ( not usually pre-hospital) occlusion- physical block of vein or catheter hematoma- accumulation of blood in tissue around IV site nerve/tendon/ligament damage

Question 35

systemic complications of IV

Answer 35

``` allergic reaction air embolus catheter shear circulatory O/L vasovegal reactions-anxiety leads to drop in BP ```

Question 36

what veins are best on young infants

Answer 36

scalp veins, butterfly catheters | 20- 26 gauge

Question 37

how to convert mg/DL to mmol/L

Answer 37

divide by 18

Question 38

calculating drip rate

Answer 38

gtt min = volume in mL x drip set all divided by time in minutes

Question 39

A form of solid drug that is stored in a gelatin shell filled with liquid or powder is called a:

Answer 39

capsule

Question 40

What physiologic response causes a vasovagal reaction?

Answer 40

Vasodilation and a decrease in blood pressure

Question 41

major anion of body

Answer 41

chloride , phosphorus, bicarbonate

Question 42

when calculating fluid to replace lost blood

Answer 42

3 to every 1 mL lost

Question 43

Third spacing is defined as:

Answer 43

an abnormal fluid shift into the serous linings of the body

Question 44

Other than oxygen, prior to administering any medication to a patient, you must take standard precautions and then:

Answer 44

perform a careful assessment of the patient.

Question 45

After inserting the needle into the injection port of a saline lock, you pull back on the plunger and observe blood return in the syringe. You should next:

Answer 45

administer the medication and observe for infiltration.

Question 46

The removal of particles from a solution by allowing the liquid portion to pass through a membrane or other partial barrier is called:

Answer 46

filtration

Question 47

Which of the following medications are typically administered via the subcutaneous route?

Answer 47

Insulin and epinephrine

Question 48

The MOST common site an Advanced Care Paramedic would use for pediatic intraosseous cannulation is the:

Answer 48

tibial tuberosity.

Question 49

A patient with congestive heart failure requires medication administration. Which of the following IV solutions would be MOST appropriate to use?

Answer 49

Five percent dextrose in water