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R.Scott PMA Midterm 2 > Unit 18- Chapter 14+15 > Flashcards

Unit 18- Chapter 14+15 Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

When assessing a middle-aged male patient with chest pain, you note a large vertical scar in the center of his chest. This indicates that he has MOST likely had:

A

coronary artery bypass graft.

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2
Q

The _____________ is the end of the great cardiac vein and collects blood returning from the walls of the heart.

A

coronary sinus

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3
Q

The ability of cells to respond to electrical impulses is referred to as the property of:

A

excitability

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4
Q

Emphysema, a degenerative disease, is caused by:

A

surfactant destruction and increased alveolar surface tension.

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5
Q

What three major arteries arise from the aortic arch?

A

Brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian

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6
Q

One of the MOST common signs of an acute hypertensive emergency is:

A

sudden severe headache

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7
Q

Which of the following is the MOST accurate clinical definition of chronic bronchitis?

A

Productive cough for 3 months per year for 2/3 consecutive years

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8
Q

The left main coronary artery rapidly divides into the:

A

left anterior descending and circumflex arteries.

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9
Q

ou should be MOST suspicious that a patient is experiencing an acute myocardial infarction if he or she presents with:

A

an acute onset of weakness, nausea, and sweating without an obvious cause

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10
Q

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that results in:

A

excess sodium loss and thick pulmonary secretions.

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11
Q

croup responds well to

A

humidified oxygen

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12
Q

Typical signs and symptoms of pneumonia include:

A

pleuritic chest pain, fever, and rhonchi.

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13
Q

valves consist of cusps. When the papillary muscles contract, the ______________ tighten, preventing blood from regurgitating from the ventricles to the atria.

A

chordae tendineae

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14
Q

Cheyne-Stokes respirations are characterized by:

A

tachypnea and bradypnea with alternating apneic periods.

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15
Q

breathing control is comes from the ____, specifically the ____ and __

A

brainstem, the pons and medulla

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16
Q

motor nerve of respiration is the

A

phrenic nerve.. moves diaphragm and the intercostal nerves move the external intercostal muscles

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17
Q

mechanical receptors , know as stretch receptors send a signal to the ______centre via the ____ nerve to inhibit inspriation and expiration occurs

A

apneustic, vagal nerve

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18
Q

what reflex terminates inhalation to prevent over expansion

A

hering-breuer reflex

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19
Q

normal inspiratory reserve volume and normal expiratory reserve volume a mall can do it-

A
  1. 1200 ML
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20
Q

4 complications that could interfere with normal breathing

A

upper and lower airway obstruction, chest wall impairment and neurological issue

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21
Q

____ could lead to hypoxic drive

A

carbon dioxide retention

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22
Q

COPD is end of the a slow process that leads to a disruption of the __

A

airways, alveoli and the pulmonary blood vessels

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23
Q

what is emphysema

A

degenerative condtion characterized by destruction of the alveolar walls related to destruction of surfactant

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24
Q

once the alveoli fall apart from emphysema, it leaves large holes in the lung that resemble

A

large pocket of air or cavity

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25
what is anaphylaxis
severe allergic reaction characterized by airway reduction and dilation of blood vessels all over the body significantly lowering blood pressure
26
what is pleuritic chest pain
sharp stabbing pain that is worse with breathing or certain movements
27
what is pleural effusion
collection of fluid outside the lung feel better when they sit upright
28
when a pulmonary embolism occurs and occludes pulmonary artery , what can result
ventilation-perfusion mismatch, build up of excessive CO2
29
what is cystic fibrosis
genetic disorder of the endocrine system
30
what is a highly contagious virus that creates an infection of the lungs and breathing passages. its highly contagious is common in young children
respiratory syncytial virus
31
what is croup, signs and symptoms
inflammation of the phaynx , larynx and trachea 1-3 years olds low grade fever stridor and seal like bark cough
32
what is epiglottitis and S/S
inflammation of the epiglottis can swell 2 to 3 times it size drooling high grade fever, bacterial
33
what is pneumonia and typical findings
infection of lung parenchyma can be systemic fever , chills, productive cough ( green ), pleuritic chest pain and excessive muscus
34
another name for whooping cough
pertussis
35
what is CHF
congestive heart failure heart is unable to meet cardiac output that the body needs pump failure ventricular myocardium is damaged and cant keep up with blood from atria
36
wet lungs are associated to ___ | and dry lungs are associated to __
wet- pulmonary edema | dry- COPD
37
what are vesicular, bronchial and adventitious breathing sounds
V- air in and out of alveoli B- air in and out of bronchi A- abnormal
38
Rales- rhonchi- stridor- wheezing-
rales- fluid, crackles rhonchi- rattling, low pitch,secretions, mucous in airway stridor- high pitches, inspire, upper airway obstruct wheezing- high pitches whistling, expiration, lower airway
39
3 parts of cardiovascular system
heart, blood vessels and blood
40
``` muscle of heart- sac around heart- inner membrane of pericardium another name for visceral layer against heart inside layer of heart ```
``` myocardium pericardium serous pericardium epicardium endocardium ```
41
identify heart conduction system and rates
Sinoatrial ( SA ) node, Atrioventricular ( AV ) node, Bundle of HIS, left and right bundle branches and perkinje fibers SA- 60-100 Junction- 40-60 Perkinje- 15-40
42
``` define Excitability- conductivity- automaticity- contractility- ```
excite- ability of cells to respond to electricity Conduct- ability of cells to conduct electricity automaticity- contract spontaneously without nerve source contract- strength of contaction
43
chonotrophic dromotrophic inotrophic
chrono-rate of contraction dromo- control electrical conduction inotro- strength
44
process that creates the pumping of the heart
cardiac cycle
45
preload
amount of blood returned to heart
46
afterload
pressure in aorta and pheripheral vascular resistance against which left ventricle must pump against
47
stroke volume
amount of blood ejected per contraction
48
cardiac output
amount of blood pumped through circulatory system in 1 minute
49
what law speaks about contractility of heart
starlings law
50
ejection fraction
normal heart continues to pump out the same percentage that is returned
51
average male amount of blood
70 ml/kg or 5 L
52
ongoing process in which RBC are made where do RBC decompose
erythropoiesis spleen, microphages
53
most leukocytes are motile ( can move) and leave blood cells by process known as
diapedesis
54
3 layers of blood vessel
tunica intima, tunica media and tunica adventitia
55
right coronary artery divides into how many branches and left?
9 2
56
aorta is divided into 3 parts
ascending, aortic arch and descending
57
what is atherosclerosis
fatty material form plaque on BV wall, obstructing flow also interferes with constrict / dilation
58
what is arteriosclerosis
thickening of arterial walls which cause the loss of elasticity ( hardening )
59
what is inside of vein/artery called
lumen
60
clot that floats in BV until it occludes
thromboembolism
61
any group of symptoms consistent with acute myocardial ischemia
acute coronary syndrome
62
what is angina pectoris
chest pain, brief period where heart tissue in no getting enough oxygen
63
how long does it take for heart muscle cells to begin to die
30 mins
64
what is a clot busting medication
fibrinolytics , 12 hrs after onset of symptoms
65
angio plasty and percutaneous coronary intervention are examples of
mechanical clearing of artery
66
AMI pain different from angina in 3 ways
may not be caused by exertion, it does not resolve in several minutes, it may not be relieved by nitro or rest
67
3 major consequences of AMI
death, cardiogenic shock, CHF
68
common physical signs of MI
general appearance, pulse increase, blood pressure could be higher or lower, dyspnea, impending feeling of doom
69
what is an arrhythmia
abnormality of heart rhythm
70
a string of ___ PVC's back to back are called
3, run of V tach
71
dependent edema | and pedal edema
closest part to ground, bed ridden- sacral | pedal- legs and feet
72
what is orthostatic and orthopnea
orthostatic- change in BP and vitals when laying to stand | orthopnea- easier to breath when sitting up
73
what is a common complication of myocardial ischemia
pulmonary edema preload and afterload are greatly influenced
74
what mmHg is considered a hypertensive emergency and common complaint
greater than 160 mmHg, severe sudden headache
75
aortic aneurysm | dissecting aneruysym
weakness in wall of aorta | inner layers of aorta become separated allowing blood to flow through layers
76
most effective way to assist person with CHF to breath effectively and prevent invasive airway management technnique
CPAP
77
paroxysmal means
sudden onset
78
monophasic AED vs Biphasic
one directio positive to negative , vs 2 directions less power needed with bi- 120 jules vs 360 mono
79
5 links in chain of survival
early recognition of warning signs and EMS activation early CPR early Defribillation early advance medical care Integrated post - arrest care ( controlling temp and BGL to optimize neurological recovery )
80
what chemical in heart controls depolarization and repolarization and contraction
depolarization- sodium re-polarization- potassium contraction-calcium
81
heart 3 types of muscle fibers
atrium, ventricular , specialized conductive fibers
82
3 leads are what kind of leads and what does that mean
bipolar , one negative one positive
83
name of 3 lead triangle around hear
einthoven triangle
84
3 pieces of info you can gain from a 3 lead
heart rate, regularity , conduction time
85
regular time for QRS interval PR interval
QRS- 0.04-0.12 | PRI- 0.12-0.20
86
ways to ECG calculate rate- 3
6 sec strip x 10 count little boxes between R's and divide by 1500 triplicate method (300,150,100,75,60,50)
87
normal conduction is ___ and backward conduction is ___
antegrade, retrograde
88
what are ectopic foci
cells other than pacemaker causing depolarize ( PAC, PJV, PVC)
89
height of ECG measured in? and horizontal movement measured in
height- voltage | horizontal- time
90
is an ECG shows electrical activity but there is no pulse, what is it called
pulseless electrical activity
91
is there is more than how much BSA burned , we dont use moist dressing
10% BSA
92
what is the common chemical neurotransmitter that is used on body when conducting nerve impulses
Acetylcholine
93
ECG 4 lead placement | + and - and colours
Right arm Left Arm - - (WHITE) +- ( BLACK) GREEN Left Leg ++ (RED)

R.Scott PMA Midterm 2 (11 decks)

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