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AP Psychology > Unit 10: Personality > Flashcards

Unit 10: Personality Flashcards

1
Q

Collectivism

A

cultural perspective where group needs are valued over individual needs

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2
Q

Individualism

A

cultural perspective where individual rights are valued over group needs

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3
Q

Personality

A

patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make a person unique

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4
Q

How do psychologists use the term personality?

A

Psychologists use the term personality to describe the patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make a person unique

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5
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

a type of self-report inventory where one answers a series of questions to rate and scale 10 types of personality characteristics

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6
Q

projective test

A

a type of personality assessment where one interprets vague stimuli to reveal genuine and unconscious information about their personality

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7
Q

Rorschach inkblot test

A

a type of projective test where one interprets 10 vague types of ink blobs to reveal genuine and unconscious personality characteristics

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8
Q

thematic apperception test (TAT)

A

a type of projective test where one is asked to determine the story of a picture shown to them to reveal genuine and unconscious personality characteristics

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9
Q

How do psychologists measure personality?

A

Psychologists can measure personality using personality assessments, tests that can be used to figure out characteristics of one’s personality or identify possible personality disorders. These assessments can include self-report inventories which are based on questions and projective tests which are based on vague stimuli

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10
Q

archetypes

A

ancestral memories of the collective unconscious

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11
Q

collective unconscious

A

type of unconscious with human knowledge and memories inherited from ancestors

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12
Q

defense mechanisms

A

unconscious reactions to protect the individual from anxiety

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13
Q

Displacement

A

taking out emotional feelings on an unrelated target

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14
Q

Ego

A

decision-making component of personality

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15
Q

Fixation

A

delayed psychosexual development due to not dealing with psychosexual challenges

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16
Q

Freudian slips

A

unintentional errors in speech that reveal unconscious information

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17
Q

Id

A

instinctive component of personality

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18
Q

Identification

A

improve self-esteem by connecting with people

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19
Q

Oedipus complex

A

issue in boys (4-5) where they experience erotic desire for mother and hatred towards father

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20
Q

personal unconscious

A

type of unconscious with information not in conscious awareness due to repression or forgetting

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21
Q

Projection

A

blaming others for one’s emotional struggles

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22
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

verbal interactions with patients to treat mental disorders

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23
Q

psychodynamic theories

A

theories emphasizing that personality is influenced by unconscious desires and internal conflicts

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24
Q

psychosexual stages (oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital)

A

5 stages of psychosexual development describing psychosexual challenges that individuals must overcome to develop psychosexually

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25
reaction formation
behaving in the opposite way that one truly feels
26
Repression
holding stressful thoughts and feelings buried in unconscious
27
Superego
moral component of personality
28
Unconscious
repressed thoughts, desires, and urges
29
Alfred Adler
developed the theory of individual psychology that emphasizes that the strive for superiority influences our personality and behavior
30
Sigmund Freud
a very influential figure that invented psychoanalysis to treat people with mental disorders. He further developed personality structures, levels of awareness, defense mechanisms, and stages of psychosexual development
31
Carl Jung
developed the theory of analytical psychology which emphasized that the unconscious influences personality
32
How do psychodynamic theories explain personality?
Psychodynamic theories such as Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, Jung’s analytical theory, and Adler's individual psychology theory collectively emphasize that unconscious desires and internal conflicts influence personality and behavior
33
Denial
the refusal to believe that a distressing event has occurred
34
false consensus effect
the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our own ideas and beliefs
35
free association
a method of psychoanalysis in which the patient relaxes and is allowed to say whatever is in his or her mind freely no matter how embarrassing the thoughts are
36
Rationalization
self-justification for a certain behavior
37
terror-management theory
a theory investigating people’s anxiety to impending death
38
Big Five factors (CANOE or OCEAN)
Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism
39
Sublimation
unacceptable behaviors are transformed into something socially acceptable
40
trait theories
theories on personality that emphasize patterns of behaviors
41
Paul Costa
Identified 5 basic personality traits along with Robert McCrae
42
Robert McCrae
identified 5 basic personality traits along with Paul Costa
43
Are some personality traits more basic or essential than others?
Yes, these are called the Big 5 personality traits which are more basic and fundamental than any other trait. They are openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
44
behavioral approach
the idea that psychology is the study of only observable behaviors
45
reciprocal determinism
the idea that behavior, the environment, and mental processes all influence and affect each other
46
Self-efficacy
one’s belief that one can accomplish a goal
47
social-cognitive perspective
idea that behavior is the result of both social and cognitive influences
48
Albert Bandura
American modern behaviorist that expanded on behaviorism by including cognitive factors in addition to the environmental factors. This led to the social-cognitive perspective of personality. From this also came reciprocal determinism and the influence of self-efficacy on behavior
49
What do behaviorists emphasize in their approach to personality?
They emphasize that environmental factors influence behavior
50
humanistic theories
theories that emphasize the influence of human feelings and the potential on behavior
51
person-centered perspective
perspective developed by Carl Rogers emphasizing the influence of self-concept on behavior
52
Self-actualization
realization of one’s true potential
53
Self-concept
one’s perception of oneself
54
unconditional positive regard
showing love and affection without regard for a particular behavior
55
Abraham Maslow
Humanist that developed the theory of self-actualization and the hierarchy of needs
56
Carl Rogers
Humanist that developed person-centered theory and introduced self-concept to describe incongruence and congruence
57
How do humanistic theories differ from other perspectives?
They emphasize the influence of human feelings and potential on behavior
58
empirically derived test
test that specifically looks for traits that discriminate from the larger groups
59
factor analysis
statistical technique used to reduce many specific traits into very few broad ones
60
Narcissism
too much self-love and self-absorption
61
optimism versus pessimism
where one stands on the range of being hopeful to giving up
62
positive psychology
the study of optimal human functioning to promote beliefs that allow humans to thrive
63
Self
the center of our personality that makes us who we are and organizes our thoughts, feelings, and actions
64
Self-esteem
feeling of self-worth
65
self-serving bias
tendency to readily believe that we are “good”
66
spotlight effect
tendency to believe that we are constantly being watched so we change our behavior accordingly
67
complexes
unconscious feelings and beliefs
68
Intellectualization
a defense mechanism where one uses reasoning to justify not dealing with emotional stress
69
locus of control (internal and external)
theory that describes the differences in the way people think; on one side is the internal locus of control (we control events) and on the other side is the external locus of control (outside forces control events)
70
personality inventory
long questionnaire used to assess people’s personalities
71
Reliability
an event is consistent and repeatable
72
Self-transcendence
shift in focus from the self to others
73
somatotype theory
theory of criminology psychology that categorizes people via body builds
74
Validity
how well a test supports a hypothesis
75
womb envy
mens’ jealousy of women’s power to bear and nurture life, leading them to search for other forms of power
76
What core concepts make up the psychology of personality?
According to Freud, the id, the ego, and the superego
77
What causes shyness, and what can be done about it?
A combination of environmental factors such as type of parenting and traumatic life experiences, or biological factors such as adolescence changes in the body

AP Psychology (19 decks)

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