Unit 5: States of Consciousness and Unit 6: Learning

Question 1

consciousness

Answer 1

awareness of ourselves and environment

Question 2

What are the different states of consciousness?

Answer 2

sleeping
dreaming
drug use
hypnosis
meditation

Question 3

sleep

Answer 3

state of consciousnesss where person is relatively inactive and inattentive to stimuli

Question 4

NREM sleep

Answer 4

4 sleep stages dominated by theta and delta waves

Question 5

What are the four types of brain waves?

Answer 5

beta: alert (short and rapid)
alpha: relaxed
theta: light sleep
delta: deep sleep (slowest brain waves)

Question 6

Stage 1 of sleep cycle

Answer 6

light sleep
shortest cycle
theta waves dominate

Question 7

Stage 2 of sleep cycle

Answer 7

relaxation
muscles contract and relax
heart rate, breathing, and body temperature decrease
theta waves still dominate
sleep spindles = brief burst of high frequency brainwaves

Question 8

stage 3 of sleep cycle

Answer 8

slow wave sleep begins

delta waves emerge but are less than half of present brain waves

Question 9

stage 4 of sleep cycle

Answer 9

slow wave sleep
deepest sleep stage
delta waves dominate and are more than half of present brain waves
stage where physical and psychological recovery occurs

Question 10

REM sleep

Answer 10

deel sleep where brain very active, beta waves dominate, rapid eye movements occur, and dreaming happens

Question 11

sleep cycle

Answer 11

consists of NREM 1, 2, 3, 4, then REM sleep and repeat in 90 minute cycles
REM sleep becomes longer and NREM 3 sleep becomes shorter as night goes on

Question 12

circadian rythm

Answer 12

daily routine of body controlled by internal clock

Question 13

Why is sleep important?

Answer 13

repairs and restores mind and body (restorative theory)
energy conservation (energy conservation theory)
increases cognition and development
allows dreaming

Question 14

sleep disorder

Answer 14

condition affecting ability and quality of sleep

Question 15

What are the types of sleep disorders?

Answer 15

insomnia: inability to sleep
sleep apnea: difficulty breathing during sleep
narcolepsy: too much sleepiness and sleep attacks

Question 16

parasomnias

Answer 16

undesired events occuring during sleep

Question 17

What are the types of parasomnias?

Answer 17

nightmares: bad dreams
somnambulism: activity during sleep; sleep walking
night terrors: sudden awakening from sleep terrified

Question 18

dream

Answer 18

experience of images, thoughts, and emtions due to brain activity during REM sleep

Question 19

hypnosis

Answer 19

state of consciousness such that attention is narrowly focused and suggestibility increases

Question 20

How hypnotizable are people?

Answer 20

Most people can be hypnotized
depends on intelligence and willingness to do so
hypnosis won’t work if don’t want to do it!

Question 21

meditation

Answer 21

ritualistic practice of cleansing mind to feel relaxed and peaceful

Question 22

drugs

Answer 22

substances that cause change in psychological and physical state

Question 23

psychoactive drugs

Answer 23

drugs that alter mental functioning, behavior and emotional state

Question 24

What are the categories of psychoactive drugs?

Answer 24

narcotics: pain relief
sedatives: slow down CNS
stimulants: speed up CNS
hallucinogens: cause hallucinations
cannabis: plant where marijuana and THC can be harvested
alcohol: liquid drug due to fermentation

Question 25

How do drugs work?

Answer 25

drugs alter our nervous system functioning, particularly the CNS by influencing neurotransmitter reuptake and release, which influences our mood and state of consciousness

Question 26

What is the cycle of addiction?

Answer 26

1. drug use 2. tolerance: resisting effects of drug, so as tolerance develops, have to take more drugs to have same original effect 3. dependence: overwhelming psychological and physical need for substance 4. addiction: mental condition associated with physical and psychological dependence on a drug 5. withdrawal: physical and psychological symptoms if drug taken away

Question 27

learning

Answer 27

change in behavior due to experience

Question 28

association

Answer 28

linking two concepts/stimuli due to often being repeated together

Question 29

conditioning

Answer 29

process by which two events not naturally paired together become associated with each other

Question 30

classical conditioning

Answer 30

associating two or more stimuli with a certain event

Question 31

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 31

Russian Psychologist who developed classical conditioning and studied it in his dog experiment

Question 32

John B. Watson

Answer 32

founded behaviorism stating that all behaviors learned through conditioning; conducted Little Albert experiment

Question 33

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 33

invokes innate and natural responses (unconditioned responses) example: food, water, noxious stimuli

Question 34

unconditioned response

Answer 34

response to an unconditioned stimulus; automatically occurs and does not have to be learned

Question 35

neutral stimulus

Answer 35

stimulus that produces no conditioned response initially

Question 36

conditioned stimulus

Answer 36

stimulus that was originally the neutral stimulus but through iterations of associating neutral stimulus with unconditioned stimulus, turns into conditioned stimulus and produces conditioned response

Question 37

conditioned response

Answer 37

learned response due to conditioned stimulus

Question 38

operant conditioning

Answer 38

type of conditioning in which a behaviors is associated with a certain consequence

Question 39

B. F. Skinner

Answer 39

developed and influenced operant conditioning; developed the Skinner's box

Question 40

reinforcement

Answer 40

addition/removal of a stimulus to encourage a certain behavior

Question 41

punishment

Answer 41

addition/removal of a stimulus to discourage a certain behavior

Question 42

schedules of reinforcement

Answer 42

variations of reinforcement on time and number

Question 43

types of reinforcement schedules

Answer 43

continuous reinforcement: behavior reinforced constantly every time behavior done intermittent reinforcement: behavior reinforced only some of the time behavior done

Question 44

types of intermittent reinfrocement

Answer 44

- ratio scheduling: schedule of reinforcement based on number of times behavior done - fixed: specific # times behavior repeated - variable: random # times behavior repeated - interval scheduling: schedule of reinforcement based on time interval - fixed: specific interval of time behavior repeated - variable: random interval of time behavior repeated

Question 45

social/observational learning

Answer 45

learning by observing actions of others

Question 46

Albert Bandura

Answer 46

established social learning theory conducted the bobo doll experiment developed social cognitive theory

Question 47

social learning theory

Answer 47

learning can happen when people observe and imitate behavior of others