Unit 9: Developmental Psychology Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
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developmental psychologist
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studies how heredity and the environment influence human development and behavior throughout the lifespan
2
Q
nature versus nurture
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debate on whether heretical factors or environmental factors influence cognition and behavior
3
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X chromosome
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sex chromosome found in both genders
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Y chromosome
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sex chromosome found in males
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Zygote
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fertilized egg
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How do heredity and environments affect development?
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Heredity influences development by predisposing organisms to certain traits and behaviors. It is the environment that shapes those behaviors
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temperament
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natural tendency to think, feel, and behave a specific way
8
Q
embryo
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organism in the embryonic stage of prenatal development
9
Q
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
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when there are high alcohol levels in the baby due to mother’s consumption of alcohol
10
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fetus
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organism in the fetal stage of prenatal development
11
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maturation
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physical changes and development due to genetic programming
12
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newborn reflexes
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involuntary movements that newborns exhibit in responses to stimuli
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What can newborn babies do?
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Newborns exhibit natural reflexes such as the moro, sucking, grasping, and rooting reflexes
14
Q
What influences does maturation have on early development?
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Maturation facilitates early physical development
15
Q
autism spectrum disorder
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children deficient in communication and social interactions; have specific and repetitive interests
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Habituation
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decreased responsiveness to repeated stimulation
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Q
infantile amnesia
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inability to recall events preceding age three
18
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Jean Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory
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theory of cognitive development emphasizing physical experiences and interactions
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Schemata
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concepts formed from experiences
20
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Assimilation
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interpretation of new experiences using current schemas
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accommodation
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combining of new experiences with personal schemas
22
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sensorimotor stage
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(ages 0-2) when children explore the world using senses and actions
23
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object permanence
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awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
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preoperational stage
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(ages 2- 6 or 7) can represent things with words and images (symbolic thinking) and use intuition but not logical reasoning
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Egocentric
inability to see others’ points of view
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concrete operations
(ages 6 or 7 - 11) use logical thinking and understand basic arithmetic
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concepts of conservation
ability to understand that change in form does not mean change in quantity
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formal operations
(ages 12 and up) can use abstract reasoning
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Metacognition
ability to be conscious of and be able to control one’s cognitive processes
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Teratogens
harmful substances that embryo or fetus can be exposed to during prenatal development
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theory of mind
ability to understand others’ mental states and points of view
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Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development
things that a learner can accomplish with help from others
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Jean Piaget
a very influential french psychologist who developed a theory for how cognitive development occurs- through physical experiences
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Lev Vygotsky
a very influential Russian psychologist who developed an opposing theory to Piaget’s for how cognitive development occurs- through social interactions
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Attachment
close emotional bond between two people
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authoritarian parents
impose rules and expect obedience without question
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authoritative parents
expect mature behavior, explain why rules must be followed, and negotiates with children about rules and boundaries
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Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development
8 stages that describe crises that an individual must overcome in their lifetime to psychosocially develop
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trust versus mistrust
must determine whether to trust or not trust people (0-2)
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autonomy versus shame and doubt
develop independence and responsibility (2-3)
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initiative versus guilt
try to control one’s behavior (3-6)
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industry versus inferiority
try to develop good social skills (6-puberty)
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identity versus role confusion
try to figure out who one is (adolescence)
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intimacy versus isolation
try to develop intimate relationships (early adulthood)
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generativity versus stagnation
try to inspire young individuals (middle adulthood)
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integrity versus despair
try to find the meaning of one’s life (late adulthood)
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Mary Ainsworth’s strange situation
experiments with infants, caregivers, and strangers to describe types of infant-caregiver attachments
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stranger anxiety
fear of strangers that infants commonly display
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secure attachments
use caregiver for comfort and security
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avoidant attachments
avoid feelings, emotional closeness, and intimacy
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anxious/ambivalent attachments
don’t fully engage in attachments for fear of being rejected
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permissive parents
submit to children’s desires; impose few rules and use little punishment
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Mary Ainsworth
developed the types of infant-caregiver attachments
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Diana Baumrind
identified the types of parenting styles
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Erik Erikson
developed the psychosocial theory of development
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Harry Harlow
stated that attachment may occur due to reasons other than basic needs
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What is the significance of children’s emotional bonds with their parents?
Child-parent bonds can influence the personality of the child in the later years of their life
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How important are parenting styles?
Parenting styles are very important because they can influence the personality of the child in the future
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How do children acquire language?
Children acquire language through social interactions with peers and family
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How do children learn to think?
Two theories describe children's cognitive ability development: these are Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theories of cognitive development. Piaget said that children learn to think via physical and isolated exploration of the world which occurs in stages. Vygotsky said that children learn to think via social interaction, cultural influences, and linguistic influences
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Lawrence Kohlberg’s moral development theory
states that one’s cognitive level influences one's ability in moral reasoning
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pre-conventional stage
right/wrong behavior determined by what gets rewarded/punished
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conventional stage
right/wrong behavior determined by social norms
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post-conventional stage
right/wrong behaviors determined by personal ethical principles
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Carol Gilligan
female research assistant to Lawrence Kohlberg who opposed and criticized him for stating that women are morally inferior to men. She instead reasoned that women operate on a different level of reasoning than men (justice vs care reasoning)
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Lawrence Kohlberg
American Psychologist who emphasized that cognitive abilities determine moral reasoning abilities and developed the theory of moral reasoning
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How do people develop morals and values?
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, people develop morals and values based on their level of cognitive abilities, which increases with age
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Aggression
physical and verbal behavior intended to harm or destroy
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basic trust
sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy
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critical period
interval in early life where attachments must form to facilitate proper development
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Gender
socially constructed roles and characteristics by which culture defines male and female
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gender identity
person’s sense of being masculine or feminine
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gender role
social expectations that guide men’s and women’s behavior
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gender typing
organization of traditional “masculine” and “feminine” roles
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Imprinting
the process by which attachments form in certain animals during a certain critical period
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Role
set of expectations about a social position
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Self-concept
thoughts and feelings of who one is
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social learning theory
we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished
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Konrad Lorenz
studied imprinting in animals
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How do effective parents discipline their children?
Effective parents discipline based on the culture’s views. However, authoritative disciplines seem tobe most effective by correlating with increased social skills and esteem
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Transgender
gender identity and expression different from birth sex
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Adolescence
period of physical and psychological changes between childhood and adulthood
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Identity
one’s sense of who one is
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Menarche
beginning of menstruation in females during puberty
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primary sex characteristics
physical structures needed for reproduction
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Puberty
period where adult characteristics develop in teens and they are able to reproduce
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secondary sex characteristics
physical structures distinguishing genders from one another
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Testosterone
male sex hormone
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Why is adolescent development especially challenging?
Because they experience puberty, which can cause stress in the physical and psychological stages, as well as an identity crisis
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emerging adulthood
time between adolescence and official adulthood
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Menopause
end of the female menstrual cycle in middle adulthood
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What happens psychologically during adulthood?
One may reach their cognitive peak in young adulthood, but it may decline in middle adulthood and may greatly decrease due to dementia in late adulthood
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What are the psychological challenges of aging?
The main psychological challenges include awareness of mortality and decreased cognitive ability over time
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AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
dangerous STI transmitted from the HIV virus that depletes the immune system
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cross-sectional research
study where people of different ages are compared with one another
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Intimacy
ability to form close, loving relationships
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longitudinal research
study where one individual is studied throughout his or her life
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sexual development
development of sexual characteristics
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sexual orientation
one’s sexual attraction towards a specific gender, no gender, or both genders
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social clock
culturally preferred timing of certain events
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social identity
the idea of who one is compared to others
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How do people typically react to death and bereavement?
Such an event will be tragic and may cause great depression and sadness, though this can vary among individuals
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What factors contribute most to a happy and fulfilling life?
According to Freud, the main two factors include love and work
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Freud’s psychosexual stages of development
describes how one’s childhood pleasure-interests change over time
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oral stage
(0-18 months) pleasure focuses in the mouth via sucking, biting, and chewing
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anal stage
(18-36 months) pleasure focuses on waste excretion
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phallic stage
(3-6 years) pleasure occurs in the genitals, coping with sexual feelings
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latent stage
(6- puberty) unconscious sexual feelings
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genital stage
(puberty and up) maturation of sexual interests
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Albert Bandura
emphasized that chance events can change and progress adulthood
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Sigmund Freud
stated that a healthy adult can love and work
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How has new knowledge about genetics affected parenthood?
Research shows that genetics in the parents influence a good amount of warmth, control, and negativity towards the child, influencing the children’s characteristics which in turn influence again the parents’ behavior
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What are some of the more serious childhood problems?
Neglect, Autism disorder, abuse, etc
