Unit 11: Testing and Individual Differences Flashcards by Vishwas Lagishetty

achievement test

test that measures what knowledge one has already learned

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aptitude test

test that measures how well one may do in the future in a particular area

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Collectivism

cultural perspective in which group needs are valued over individual needs

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content validity

the test measures the content it claims to measure

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intellectual disability

disability that may lead to deficiency in adaptive skills

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Intelligence

measure of one’s ability to learn, obtain and apply knowledge

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intelligence quotient (IQ)

numerical value representing one’s intelligence level

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intelligence test

tests designed to measure mental abilities such as reasoning, abstract thinking, and comprehension

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mental age

normal age for a particular level of intelligence

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normal curve

graph that shows a distribution in a measurement

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predictive validity

a test adequately predicts future performance

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Reliability

how consistent and repeatable the results are

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Test-retest reliability

if the test is taken again similar results will be obtained

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Split-half

individual obtains a similar number of correct answers for odd and even-numbered questions

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Stanford-Binet

Intelligence test that measures one’s IQ score

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Validity

how well something measures what it is supposed to

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Wechsler adult intelligence scale (WAIS)

Intelligence test that measures intelligence via providing information on cognitive strengths and weaknesses in verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory, and processing speed

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Alfred Binet

developed the Binet-Simon Scale to measure intelligence based on mental age

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David Wechsler

developed the Wechsler Intelligence Scale to measure intelligence based on information on cognitive strengths and weaknesses in verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory, and processing speed

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How do psychologists define intelligence?

Intelligence is one’s ability to learn, obtain, and apply knowledge

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What are the qualities of a good psychological test?

A good psychological test is standardized, reliable, and valid

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emotional intelligence

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

factor analysis

statistical procedure to identify clusters of related items

Flynn effect

worldwide average increase in intelligence scores

general intelligence (g)

a factor that underlies a broader range of mental abilities

Grit

motivation to pursue a long-term goal

multiple intelligences (Gardner)

8 intelligence that Gardner theorized to influence one's intellectual ability

savant syndrome

a condition in which a person with limited mental ability is exceptional at one specific skill

Standardization

designing a test in such a way that it is possible to compare test results to a certain groups of people

Sternberg’s three intelligences (triarchic theory; analytic, creative, practical)

three intelligences that Sternberg proposed one could exhibit

Howard Gardner

Developed Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences identifying 8 intelligences that one could have

Charles Spearman

developed the theory of general intelligence stating that there was one general intelligence factor (g) that influenced all other domains

Robert Sternberg

developed his triarchic theory of intelligence stating that three intelligences influence us: analytical, practical, and creative

Lewis Terman

developed the Stanford-Benet Intelligence test that measured intelligence based on IQ

Cohort

group of people from a given time period

cross-sectional studies

research done at one point in time that compares people of various ages

crystallized intelligence

accumulated knowledge

fluid intelligence

one’s ability to think

Heritability

how well certain traits are passed down to the offspring

longitudinal studies

research done on the same group of people over their lifespan

standard deviation

average difference of the data values from the mean scores

stereotype threat

when a stereotype of an ethnic group leads to decreased IQ scores for that group

How do IQ scores relate to gender, age, and occupation?

Generally, despite small differences, IQ scores overall are stable and similar pertaining to gender, age, and occupation

What does IQ tell us about genius?

High IQ scores intend to imply greater genius

What causes mental retardation?

Intellectual disabilities

How do heredity and environments affect intelligence?

Heredity defines a certain IQ range for an individual, while environments determine where in that range the person falls

How have views of intelligence changed in recent years?

The definition of intelligence has varied over the years based on how intelligence was measured

Are IQ tests fair to all racial and cultural groups?

No, as IQ tests are designed mainly for European-American white individuals

Down syndrome

intellectual disability due to an extra set of chromosome 21

Epigenetics

study of how environmental influences can affect genetics

growth vs. fixed mindset

growth mindset states that intelligence can change and grow with sufficient environmental influence, while fixed mindset states that intelligence is fixed, genetically attributed, and can not change

Francis Galton

scientist who started a revolution of intelligence testing with his ideas of “natural” [intelligence] ability”

What are typical IQ tests like?

Typical IQ tests include the Weschler Adult and Student intelligence scales