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Anatomy > Unit 10 - Skeletal System > Flashcards

Unit 10 - Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What is bone

A

A tissue AND an organ

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2
Q

What is the epiyphisis of a long bone

A

The ends

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3
Q

What is the diaphysis of long bones

A

The shaft

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4
Q

What does compact bone cover

A

External surfaces of all bones

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5
Q

What is compact bones made of

A

Osteons

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6
Q

How many rings are osteons composed of

A

3

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7
Q

What does each osteon contain

A
  1. Lamellae
  2. Lacunae
  3. Canaliculi
  4. Central canal
  5. Perforating canal
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8
Q

What is lamellae

A
  • concentric circles of matrix
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9
Q

Matrix what is the matrix

A

Lots of collagen and phosphate salts

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10
Q

Where is the lacunae found

A

Between lamellae (space within matrix where osteocytes live)

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11
Q

Canaliculi

A

Small channels that connect osteocytes to blood supply and to each other

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12
Q

What does culi mean

A

Smaller version of something

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13
Q

What does the central canal of a bone contain

A

Blood vessels and nerve

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14
Q

What is the central canal of a bone lined with

A

Endosteum

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15
Q

Where is the perforating canal of a bone located

A

Perpendicular to the central canal

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16
Q

What do perforating canals carry

A

Blood and nerve supply from periosteum to central canals and medullary cavity

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17
Q

Spongy bone

A
  • has holes where blood cells are generated
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18
Q

Does spongy bone have osteons?

A

No

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19
Q

Trabeculae

A
  • found in spongy bone
  • similar to osteons
  • irregularity arranged lamellae
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20
Q

Where is spongy bone found

A
  1. flat and irregular bone
    - ex. Skull, rids, vertebrae
  2. Long bones
    - epiphysis
    - lining medullary cavity (middle cavity)
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21
Q

What does spongy bone look like

A

Aero bar

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22
Q

What do spaces in spongy bone contain

A

Bone marrow

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23
Q

What does red bone marrow produce

A

Blood cells

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24
Q

What is the axial skeleton

A

Bone that form the central core of body

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25
What does the axial skeleton consist of
1. Skull 2. Hyoid bone 3. Vertebral column 4. Thoracic cage (sternum and ribs)
26
What is the appendicular skeleton
- limbs - bones that attach limbs to axial skeleton (girdles)
27
What does the appendicular skeleton consist of
1. Pectoral girdle 2. Pelvic girdle 3. Upper limb (arm, forearm, hand) 4. Lower limb (thigh, leg, foot)
28
Articulations
- connection between bones - region where 2 bones are connected
29
Skull bone groupings
1. Cranium (8 bones) 2. Facial bones (14 bones) 3. Auditory ossicles (6, 3 bones on each side in the middle ears)
30
What are the auditory ossicles
1. 2 incus 2. 2 malleus 3. 2 stapes
31
Hypoid bone
- below skull - no articulations - attaches muscles of tongue and neck - assists in swallowing
32
Vertebral column
- 26 vertebrae - 5 regions 1. Cervical (breakfast at 5) 2. Thoracic (lunch at 12) 3. Lumbar (dinner at 5) 4. Sacrum 5. Coccyx
33
Boxy of vertebrae
- Thick - Anterior portion
34
Spinous process of vertebrae
Median posterior projection
35
Transverse process of vertebrae
- 2 of them - lateral, bony projections for muscle attachment
36
Lamina of vertebrae
- 2 of them - connects the 2 processes
37
Pedicure of vertebrae
- 2 of them - connects body to transverse process
38
Vertebral foramen
Hole for spinal cord
39
Superior and inferior articulation facets
Articulate with vertebrae above and below
40
Intervertebral foramina
Exit for spinal nerves
41
Foramen
Hole
42
Foramina
2 holes
43
Cervical vertebrae
- C1-C7 - all have transverse foramen in each transverse process, for passage of vertebral arteries
44
Atlas
- C1 of vertebrae - no body, no spinous process - articulates with occipital bone of skull (allows flexion and extension of neck (nodding “yes” motion))
45
Axis
- C2 of vertebrae - dens= odontoid process - pivot joint around which atlas swivels (allows rotation of head and neck (shaking head “no” motion”))
46
Thoracic vertebrae
- T1-T12 - all articulate with ribs via costal facets
47
Lumbar vertebrae
- L1-L5 - support upper body weight - ALL have large bodies and rectangular spinous processes
48
Sacrum
- 5 fused vertebrae - articulates with ilium and 5th lumbar vertebra
49
Coccyx
- 3-5 fused vertebrae (usually 4) - tailbone
50
Concave
Curve inward
51
Convex
Curve outward
52
Curvature of spinal column
1. Cervical and lumbar regions - have a concave posterior curve (hard to see anteriorly) 2. Thoracic and sacrum regions - have a convex posterior curve (can only see curve anteriorly)
53
Scoliosis
- abnormal spinal curvature - spinal column curves laterally
54
Kyphosis
- abnormal spinal curvature - exaggerated thoracic curve - “hunchback” - found in elderly people with bone loss, when vertebrae can’t hold as much weight
55
Lordosis
- abnormal spinal curvature - exaggerated lumbar curve - lower back is kind of indented - found in pregnant women or people with a pot belly
56
Thoracic cage
Protects thoracic organs
57
Sternum
- breast bone - fusion of 3 bones 1. Manubrim (superior) 2. Body (middle) 3. Xiphoid process (inferior)
58
Ribs
- attach to the sternum - 12 pairs total (articulate posteriorly with T1-T12)
59
True ribs
- 7 pairs - superior - attach directly to sternum via costal cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
60
False ribs
- 3 pairs - ribs 8-10 - attach indirectly to sternum via costal cartilage from rib 7
61
Floating ribs
- 2 pairs - ribs 11 and 12 - not attached to sternum - protect internal organs
62
Pectoral girdle
- upper limb girdle 1. Clavicle 2. Scapula
63
What does the clavicle (collarbone) articulate with
The sternum (manubrim) and the scapula (acromion process)
64
What does the clavicle connect
The axial and appendicular skeletons
65
Spine of scapula
Runs along posterior surface of the scapula
66
Acromion process of the scapula
Articulates with clavicle
67
Glenoid cavity of the scapula
Articulates with head of humerus
68
Coracoid process of scapula
Attachment point for muscles of arm and chest
69
Another name for scapula
Shoulder blade
70
Pelvic girdle
- composed of 2 os coxae formed by the fusion of 3 bones 1. Ilium (superior, articulates with sacrum) 2. Ischium (posterior) 3. Pubis (anterior, left and right joined by pubic symphysis)
71
Pelvic girdle joints
1. Pubic symphysis (cartilaginous joint between the pubic bones 2. Sacroiliac joint (sacrum and ilium) 3. Acetabulum (articulates with head of femur)
72
Upper limb
1. Humerus 2. Radius (lateral) 3. Ulna (medial) 4. Carpals (8)= wrist 5. Metacarpals (5)= palm 6. Phalanges (14)= digits
73
Lower limb
1. Femur 2. Patella (knee cap) 3. Tibia (medial) 4. Fibula (lateral) 5. Tarsals (7) in your foot - talus (articulates with tibia) - calcaneus (heel bone) 6. Metatarsals (5) sole of foot 7. Phalanges (14) toes
74
Epiphyseal plate of long bone
- hyaline cartilage - used for bone growth (length)
75
Epipyhseal line
- replaces plate with bone when growth completed - plate/line= where the diaphysis and epiphysis meet
76
Medullary cavity
- red bone marrow in children - yellow bone marrow in adult
77
Periosteum
- external surface - allows bone to grow in diameter - 2 layers of CT 1. Outer= dense irregular 2. Inner= mainly osteoblasts and osteoclasts
78
Endosteum
- part of long bone - lines medullary cavity AND Canals - contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts
79
Articulates cartilage
- part of long bones - hyaline (only at articulation points) - prevents friction between bones (no periosteum here)
80
Articulations/joints
- point of contact between 2 or more bones - 2 classes 1. Structural classification (anatomical) 2. Functional classification (physiological)
81
What is structural classification based on
- presence/absence of joint cavity - type of CT that joins the bones
82
Types of structural joints
1. Fibrous 2. Cartilaginous 3. Synovial
83
Fibrous joints
- no joint cavity - fibrous CT - ex. Sutures in skull (Fontanels in a newborn)
84
Cartilaginous joints
- no joint cavity - cartilage attaches bones - ex. Pubic symphysis, costal cartilages of ribs
85
Synovial joint examples
- shoulder - elbow - hip - knee
86
Structure of synovial joints
- articulating bones are connected by the joint capsule and ligaments - articulates cartilage (hyaline) of bone - space between bones is the joint cavity - articular/joint capsule encloses joint cavity
87
What does the joint cavity contain
Synovial fluid
88
Outer layer of articular/joint capsule
- fibrous capsule - attaches to periosteum
89
Inner layer of articular/joint capsule
- CT only - secretes synovial fluid
90
How are synovial joints grouped
According to shape and articulating bones
91
Plane/gliding synovial joints
- flat surfaces - 2 flat surfaces moving past each other - ex. Sacroiliac
92
Hinge synovial joints
- concave and convex surfaces (2 surfaces) - elbow and knee
93
Pivot synovial joints
- projection in ring - ex. Dens (on axis) in atlas C2
94
Ball and socket synovial joints
- great freedom of movement - ex. Humerus in glenoid fossa - ex. Femur in acetabulum (hip)
95
What is functional classification of joints based on
Degree of movement
96
Synarthrotic functional joints
- immovable - ex. Skull sutures
97
Amphiarthrotic functional joints
- slightly moveable - ex. Pubic symphysis
98
Diarthrotic functional joints
- freely moveable - ex. Hip, shoulder

Anatomy (17 decks)

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