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Anatomy > Unit 2 - Chemical Level Of Organization > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Chemical Level Of Organization Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Atoms

A
  • all matter, including all parts of the human body
  • contain 3 types of subatomic particles
    1. Protons: positively charges, found in nucleus
    2. Neutrons: neutral charge, found in nucleus
    3. Electrons: negatively charged, orbit the nucleus
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2
Q

isotopes

A
  • atoms are electrically neutral (contain the same number of electrons and protons)
  • neutrons are not always equal, different number of neutrons is what creates the different forms referred to as isotopes
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3
Q

Ions

A
  • atoms that lose or gain an electrons
  • no longer neutral
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4
Q

Anion

A
  • atoms that gains an electron
  • becomes a negatively charged ion
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5
Q

Cation

A
  • atoms loses an electron
  • becomes a positively charged ion
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6
Q

Important ions (electrolytes)

A
  • Ca 2+: calcium
  • Na+: sodium
  • K+: potassium
  • H+: hydrogen (only has 1 electron)
  • Cl-: chloride
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7
Q

Chemical bonds

A

Hold atoms together to form molecules

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8
Q

ionic bonds

A
  • atom to atom transfer of electrons
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9
Q

Covalent bonds

A
  • sharing electrons between atoms
  • ex. O2
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10
Q

Salt

A
  • ionic bond
  • salt consists of positively charged ions (cations) and negatively charged ions (anions)
  • ex. NaCl
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11
Q

NaCl (table salt)

A
  • Na loses one electrons and becomes Na+
  • Cl gains one electron and becomes Cl-
  • the positive and negative ions attract, forming the bond
  • In water NaCl dissociates back into ions
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12
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate

A
  • organic molecule
  • ionizes H2O and releases H+ atoms
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13
Q

Organic substances

A
  • covalently bonded carbon atoms
  • ex. Carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
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14
Q

Inorganic substances

A
  • usually lack carbon atoms
  • ex. Salts, water, gasses (O2),
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15
Q

Inorganic compounds that contain carbon

A
  • H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
  • HCO3- (bicarbonate)
  • CO2 (carbon dioxide)
  • CO (carbon monoxide)
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16
Q

Most abundant substance in cells

A

Water

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17
Q

Polar molecules

A
  • unequal sharing of electrons leads to a slight charge difference
  • ex. Water (O2 becomes more negative than hydrogen, electron gets pulled towards oxygen)
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18
Q

Water

A
  • universal solvent
  • where many body reactions take place
  • transports chemicals (O2, nutrients)
  • maintains body temperature
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19
Q

Are acids and bases organic or inorganic

A

They can be both!

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20
Q

Acids and bases

A
  • electrolytes
  • help maintain pH balance of cells, organs and blood within barrow ranges
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21
Q

Do acids donate or accept protons

A

Donate

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22
Q

Acids in water

A

Acids disassociate when added to H2O, releasing H+ ions

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23
Q

[H+] and pH of acids

A

Increase in [H+] = decrease in pH
- high hydrogen ion concentrations indicate a low (acidic) pH

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24
Q

Do acids have a high or low pH

25
Do bases donate or accept protons
Accept
26
Bases in water
Bind to (buffer) free H+ ions - want to bind to the free H+ atoms that are floating around in solution
27
[H+] and pH of bases
Decreasing [H+] in solution = increase in pH - low hydrogen ion concentrations indicate a high pH
28
Do bases have a high or low pH
High
29
pH scale
- measures the [H+] of free H+ in solution - basic = high pH - acidic = low pH - scale measures 1-14 (7 = neutral)
30
Carbohydrates
- important organic substance - consists of C, H, O - formula (CH2O)n, [n=any number]
31
Functions of carbohydrates
- source of energy for cells - cellular structures (ex. DNA and RNA)
32
Naming carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides 2. Disaccharides 3. Polysaccharides
33
Monosaccharides
- simple sugars - glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose - basic building blocks of other carbohydrates
34
Disaccharides
- 2 monosaccharides covalently bonded together - glucose + fructose = sucrose
35
polysaccharides
- many monosaccharides bonded together - glycogen (animals), starch (plants)
36
Lipids
- important organic substance - C, H, O (different ratio from carbs) - fats, oils, waxes, fatty acids (FA) - insoluble in water (non-polar)
37
Function of lipids
1. Protect organs (padding) - fat protects organs below ribcage 2. Build cell membranes 3. Source of stored energy
38
Types of lipids
1. Glycerides 2. Phospholipids 3. Cholesterol 4. Steroids
39
Glycerides
- most common lipid in body and diet - composed of 2 building blocks (glycerol backbone and Fatty acid tail)
40
Naming Glycerides
- Monoglyceride= glycerol + 1 FA - diglyceride= glycerol + 2 FA - triglyceride= glycerol + 3 FA
41
Phospholipid building blocks
1. Phosphate head group (polar) - hydrophilic (water soluble) 2. Glycerol backbone 3. Fatty acid tails (non-polar) - hydrophobic (not water soluble)
42
Cholesterol
- found in cell membranes used to synthesize steroids
43
Steroids
- derived from cholesterol - bile, salts, vitamin D, some hormones (testosterone, estrogen)
44
Protein makeup
- important organic substance - Consists of C, H, O, N (sometimes S) - collagen
45
protein functions
- structural materials ex. collagen - enzymes, hormones, transporters - antibodies - source of energy (especially when cards and lipids in low supply: not often)
46
Amino acids
- basic building blocks of all proteins - use the name of the amino acid itself ex. Glycine (simplest amino acid)
47
Dipeptides
- 2 amino acids
48
Polypeptide
- many amino acids (sequence of amino acids linked together)
49
Protein
- one or more polypeptides folded into its final shape - help function inside the cell
50
Nucleic acids
- consists of C, H, O, N, P - 2 forms: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
51
Nucleotides
Building blocks of Nucleic acid
52
What does each nucleotide contain
1. PO4- (phosphate) 2. Monosaccharide (simple sugar) - ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA 3. Organic bases - can be in any sequence
53
organic bases
- Adenine (A): bonds with Thymine (T) in DNA and Uracil (U) in RNA - Cytosine (C): bonds with Guanine (G)
54
Structure of nucleic acids (DNA)
PO4- - deoxyribose - A, T, C or G - bases bind to form double- stranded helix - alternating sugar and phosphate form “uprights” - bases “rungs”
55
Function of DNA
- cellular respiration - used as a template to make RNA (DNA is transcribed into RNA)
56
Structure of RNA
PO4- - ribose - A, U, C or G
57
RNA function
- protein synthesis - RNA gets transferred into protein and carries out body functions
58
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
- modified RNA nucleotide - energy stored in covalent bonds - powers cellular activity - breaking covalent bonds creates immediately useable energy - acts as a energy currency inside the cell
59
ATP structure
- has a sugar, a base, and 3 phosphate groups

Anatomy (17 decks)

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