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Anatomy > Unit 7 - histology > Flashcards

Unit 7 - histology Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

What is histology

A

The study of tissues

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2
Q

Tissue

A
  • a group of cells with similar structure and function
  • cells of most tissues are surrounded by an extracellular fluid called interstitial fluid (mostly water and ions)
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3
Q

4 major tissue types

A
  1. Epithelium
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
    $. Nervous
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4
Q

Cell junctions

A
  • points of contact between adjacent cells
  • seen in epithelial tissue, some nervous and muscle cells
  • formed by cell membrane proteins
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5
Q

3 examples of cell junctions

A
  1. Tight junctions
  2. Anchoring junctions
  3. Gap junctions
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6
Q

Tight junctions

A

Are a partial fusion of specific proteins on the lateral surface of the cell membrane

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7
Q

What do tight junctions form

A

Ring-like tight seals (seal everything)

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8
Q

What do tight junctions prevent

A
  • material from passing between cells
  • ex. Bacteria, proteins, sometimes fluid or ions (depending on the tissue)
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9
Q

What do tight junctions stop

A
  • integral proteins from moving between apical (lumen exposed surface) and basolateral (attached) surfaces of the cell
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10
Q

What are anchoring junctions

A
  • proteins that fasten cells to each other and/or extracellular material
  • anchors cells together
  • ex. Demosomes
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11
Q

What do gap junctions do

A
  • open channels (formed by proteins) through the adjacent cell membranes interconnecting the cytosols of the cells
  • allow ions/ small molecules to pass from one cell to another
  • tissues can then work as a unit (important in cardiac and smooth muscle) (also found in epithelial tissue)
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12
Q

Why are gap unctions important in cardiac and smooth muscle

A

Tissues can work together to allow synchronization of contractions

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13
Q

Epithelial tissue

A
  • Covers body surface
  • Lines body/ organ cavities
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14
Q

Lumen

A

Organ cavity

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15
Q

Characteristics of epithelia

A
  • has one free surface
  • little extracellular space between cells
  • avascular (no blood vessels)
  • basement membrane
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16
Q

basement membrane

A
  • extracellular layer
  • attaches epithelium to underlying connective tissue layer
  • formed by both tissues
  • acts like Velcro
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17
Q

Subtypes of epithelia are classified by

A
  1. The number of cell layers sitting on basement membrane
    a) one layer = simple
    b) more than one layer = stratified
  2. Shape of cells in the apical layer
    a) flattened = squamous
    b) round/cube shaped = cuboidal
    c) rectangular = columnar
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18
Q

Apical layer

A

Layer touching the free surface

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19
Q

Types of epithelia

A
  1. Simple epithelia = 1 layer
  2. Stratified epithelia = more than one layer
  3. Pseudostratified epithelia
  4. Transitional epithelia
  5. Glandular epithelia
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20
Q

Simple epithelia

A
  • allows exchange of molecules (gasses, nutrients, ions)
  • absorption/secretion
  • produces gasses
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21
Q

Subtypes of simple epithelia

A
  1. Simple squamous
  2. Simple cuboidal
  3. Simple columnar
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22
Q

Simple squamous epithelia

A
  • 1 layer of squished, fat cells
  • ex. Lungs
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23
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelia

A
  • 1 layer of cube shaped cells
  • ex. Kidneys
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24
Q

Simple columnar epithelia

A
  • 1 layer of column shaped (tall and thin) cells
  • ex. Stomach and small intestine
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25
Stratified epithelia
- more than one layer - provides protection - predominant subtype = stratified squamous - ex. Epidermis of skin
26
Pseudostratified epithelia
- columnar cells that appear stratified - cells sit on the basement membrane (simple) - some cells are shorter and nuclei appear at different levels - lots of nuclei - ex. Lines most of respiratory tract, found in trachea - respiratory tract = cells are ciliated = ciliated Pseudostratified epithelium
27
Transitional epithelia
- cell shape (and layering) varies with stretching - only in inner lining of urinary system - cuboidal to squamous when stretched
28
Glandular epithelia
- for secretion - if the epithelial cells form a gland, the cell classification is not longer used and the tissue is called glandular epithelium - subtypes: 1. Exocrine glands 2. Endocrine glands
29
Exocrine glands
- secrete products onto body surface or into a body cavity - can be: 1. Unicellular 2. Multicellular
30
Unicellular exocrine glands
- ex. Goblet cells - secrete mucus (into a cavity) - in the digestive, urinary, reproductive and respiratory tracts
31
Multicellular exocrine glands
- consists of secretory and duct cells - ducts connect secreted ions to surface or cavity - ex. Sudoriferous (sweat) gland, sebaceous (oil) gland, mammary glands, digestive glands,
32
Endocrine glands
- no ducts - secrete hormones into the ECF (interstitial fluid) surrounding glandular cells that then enter the blood plasma for transport to target cells/tissues - ex. Thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormone
33
Functions of Epithelia
1. Protection: often stratified squamous - ex. Epidermis of skin 2. Secretion: glandular epithelium - ex. Thyroid glands, sweat glands 3. Allows selective passage of materials across membranes: typically simple epithelia - ex. Kidneys, intestine, capillaries
34
Connective tissue
- mainly supports and connects tissues - cells far apart, separated my extracellular matrix that usually forms most of tissue - variable vascularity
35
Extracellular material
- gives connective tissue subtypes their identifying characteristics
36
CT cell types
Cell names ending in: 1. BLAST= create matrix - ex. Osteoblast, chondroblast, fibroblast 2. CYTE= maintain matrix - ex. Osteocyte, chondrocyte, fibrocyte 3. CLAST= break down matrix - ex. Osteoclast
37
matrix composition
1. Fibres 2. Ground substance
38
Types of Fibres in matrix
- collagen fibres (for strength) - elastic fibres (containing elastin- allow stretch and recoil) - reticular fibres (form networks) (ex. CT part of basement membrane)
39
Ground substance
- water (interstitial fluid (ISF)) + large organic molecules surrounding cells and fibres
40
Classification of CT
1. Connective tissue proper 2. Cartilage 3.bone 4. Blood
41
Connective tissue proper
- cells = fibroblasts/fibrocytes except adipose tissue - types: 1. Loose connective tissue 2. Dense connective tissue
42
Loose connective tissue subtypes
1. Areolar connective tissue 2. Adipose connective tissue
43
Where is loose connective tissue found
In dermis of skin
44
Areolar connective tissue
- loosely arranged collagen and elastin fibres - Highly vascular - ex. Laminated propria
45
Adipose connective tissue
- very little matrix - large cells, store triglycerides - tissue looks like chicken wire - vascular
46
Dense connective tissue
- many fibres - also knows as fibrous connective tissue - little ground substance - vascular
47
Dense connective tissue subtypes
1. Dense regular connective tissue 2. Dense irregular connective tissue
48
Dense regular connective tissue
- collagen fibres running in the same direction - ex. Tendons and aponeuroses, ligaments
49
Tendons
Connect muscle to bone
50
Ligaments
Connect bone to bone
51
Dense irregular connective tissue
- collagen fibres arranged irregularly - ex. Dermis of skin
52
Cartilage
- no blood vessels (avascular) - cells = chondrocytes and chondroblasts - large amounts of matrix
53
Where are chondrocytes located
In cavities in the matrix called lacunae
54
Cartilage matrix
1. Fibres = collagen and elastin (proteins) 2. Ground substance is most water, but is firm due to the types of organic molecules present
55
Does cartilage heal fast or slow
Slow (avascular)
56
3 types of cartilage
1. Hyaline cartilage: most abundant, reduces friction between bones - ex. Trachea, ribs, ends of long bones 2. Elastic cartilage: many elastic fibres, main function is to recoil - ex. Epiglottis, ear 3. Fibrocartilage: high in collagen fibres, shock absorbers so spinal cord doesn’t get injured - ex. Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
57
Bone cells
- Osteocytes (in lacunae) - osteoblasts - osteoclasts
58
Bone matrix
1. Fibres= abundant collagen 2. Ground substance: contains calcium, salts and phosphates that make it rigid - contain little water
59
Is bone vascular or avascular
Very vascular
60
Blood
Is fluid connective tissue
61
Blood cells
1. Red blood cells 2. White blood cells
62
Extracellular matrix in blood
Plasma - contains soluble fibres - used for blood clotting - ground substance is most water with ions and proteins
63
Muscle tissue
Is contractile
64
Subtypes of muscle tissue
1. Skeletal - striated 2. Cardiac - striated 3. Smooth - non-striated
65
Nervous tissue cell types
1. Neurons- conduct electrical impulses 2. Glial cells- support and protect neurons

Anatomy (17 decks)

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