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Anatomy > Unit 12 - Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Unit 12 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the cardiovascular system consist of

A
  • heart
  • blood vessels
  • blood
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2
Q

Function of the cardiovascular system

A
  1. Transport: gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes, heat
  2. Protection: disease, fluid loss (clotting)
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3
Q

Where is the heart

A

In a cavity called the mediastinum

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4
Q

Mediastinum

A

Space between lungs within thoracic cavity

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5
Q

Heart coverings

A
  • called the pericardium
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6
Q

Pericardium

A
  • Double walled sac surrounding the heart
  • 3 layers
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7
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A
  • outermost layer (dense irregular CT)
  • anchors to surrounding structures
  • ex. Diaphragm, great vessels (aorta, vena cava)
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8
Q

What is the Serous pericardium composed of

A
  1. Parietal pericardium
  2. Visceral pericardium
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9
Q

Parietal pericardium

A
  • 2 layers (epithelial and connective)
  • connected to fibrous pericardium
  • pericardial sac
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10
Q

Visceral pericardium

A
  • epicardium
  • 2 layers (epithelial and connective)
  • heart wall
  • fused to heart surface, makes it part of heart wall
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11
Q

Pericardial cavity

A
  • between pericardial layers
  • with serous fluid (lubricates)
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12
Q

3 parts of heart wall

A
  1. Epicardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
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13
Q

What is the epicardium

A

Visceral pericardium

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14
Q

What kind of tissue is the epicardium made of

A

Simple squamous epithelial and connective tissue

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15
Q

Myocardium

A
  • cardiac muscle
  • arranged in spiral/circular pattern
  • reinforced with CT
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16
Q

Endocardium tissue type

A
  • simple squamous epithelium
  • epithelium named endothelium (lines inner surface of heart and all blood vessels)
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17
Q

Right atrium blood vessels

A

Has 3 major veins that carry deoxygenated blood into the chamber
1. Inferior vena cava (carries blood from body below heart)
2. Superior vena cava (carries blood from body above heart)
3. Coronary sinus (carries blood from the myocardium)

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18
Q

Left atrium blood vessels

A

4 veins that carry oxygenated blood into the left atrium from the lungs
1. Left pulmonary veins (inferior and superior)
2. Right pulmonary veins (inferior and superior)

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19
Q

Right ventricle blood vessel

A
  • 1 artery
  • aorta
  • exits the left ventricle and carries oxygenated blood to all organ systems
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20
Q

Septa

A

Separate chambers

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21
Q

Interatrial septum

A

Separates atria

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22
Q

Interventricular septum

A

Separates ventricles

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23
Q

What is the cardiac (fibrous) skeleton

A

Fibrous CT separating atria and ventricles

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24
Q

What does the cardiac (fibrous) skeleton provide

A
  • Firm attachment point for cardiac muscles
  • electrical insulation (prevents stimultaneous contraction of atria and ventricles)
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25
What does the cardiac (fibrous) skeleton form
- solid rings around heart valves, base of aorta and pulmonary trunk - rings provide structural support for these structures and hold them in place
26
What happens when heart is beating
- there are electrical impulses telling the heart to beat - don’t want all sections to be beating at once - needs insulation
27
Valves for one way blood flow
1. Atrioventricular (AV) valves 2. Semilunar valves
28
Types of atrioventricular valves
1. Bicuspid valves 2. Tricuspid valves
29
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
- on left side - between left atrium and ventricle - has 2 sheet-like cusps composed of CT
30
Tricuspid valve
- on right side - between right atrium and right ventricle - has 3 sheet-like cusps composed of CT
31
Chordae tendineae
- strings of CT - attach atrioventricular valve cusps to papillary muscles that project from the ventricular myocardium - prevent eversion cusps
32
Semilunar valves
- 3 cup-like cusps each - types 1. Aortic 2. Pulmonary
33
Aortic semilunar valves
Separates left ventricle and aorta
34
Pulmonary semilunar valves
Separates right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
35
What are cardiac muscle cells
Cells that set the pace and tell the heart to beat
36
Cardiac muscle cell types
1. Contractile cells 2. Conduction system cells
37
What do contractile muscles form
Majority of myocardium
38
Contractile cardiac muscle cells similarities to skeletal muscle
1. Striated 2. Has Sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubules
39
Contractile cardiac muscle differences from skeletal muscle
1. Branched 2. Uninucleated 3. Intercalated discs 4. Contain anchoring and gap junctions
40
Intercalated discs
Region where 2 fibres meet (Dark bands)
41
According and gap junctions of cardiac muscle cells
- for communication - atria to ventricular contraction
42
What affects the amount of blood that gets pumped out of the heart
Pressure - direct relationship (increase in pressure, increase in blood that gets pumped out)
43
What do electrical vents cause
Contractile vents
44
What do conduction system cardiac muscle cells form
Remainder of myocardium
45
What are conduction system cardiac muscle cells
Cardiac muscle cells that are modified to produce and conduct electrical impulses
46
Do conduction system cells contract
NO!!
47
What do conduction system cardiac muscle cells have
Many gap junctions that help electrical signals spread very quickly
48
parts of conduction system cardiac muscle cells
1. Sinoatrial (SA) nodes 2. Atrioventricular (AV) nodes 3. Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his) 4. Atrioventricular (AV) bundle branches 5. Purkinje fibres
49
What is everything connected through
Electrical signals
50
Modified/specialized cardiac muscle cells
- conduction system - generate electrical signals - conduction
51
“Normal” cardiac muscle cells
- myocardium - contract
52
Sinoatrial (SA) node
- artificial pacemaker - in rich atrium at base of superior vena cava - generates impulses the fastest (sets the pace)
53
Atrioventricular (AV) node
- base of right atrium
54
Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his)
- superior part of interventricular septum - electrically connects atria to ventricles
55
What would happen is the atrioventricular bundle stopped working
Would be like shutting down highway 1 and trying to get east to west
56
Atrioventricular (AV) bundle branches
- carry impulses to apex of heart
57
Apex of heart
- bottom tip - most inferior part of the heart
58
Purkinje fibres
- terminal fibres in ventricles (NOT IN ATRIA) that carry signals from apex upward to all parts of the ventricle - electrical signal spreads from conduction system to contractile cardiac cells then they contract
59
General structure of blood vessels (except capillaries)
1. Tunica external 2. Tunica media 3. Tunica intima/interna 4. Lumen
60
Structure of capillaries
Only have one layer, all other blood vessels have 3 layers
61
Tunica
Covering
62
Tunica external
- connective tissue - most external layer
63
Tunica media
- middle layer - smooth muscle - elastic fibres (CT)
64
Tunica intima/interna
- innermost layer - in direct contact with blood - endothelium (simple squamous epithelium) - continuous with endocardium
65
Endothelium
- name of the layer not the tissue type - covers inner surface of heart as well as blood vessels - makes up heart wall - not a tissue type at all
66
Lumen
- not the innermost layer because it’s NOT A LAYER - contains blood - also NOT A CAVITY - just a space
67
Blood vessel types
1. Arteries 2. Arterioles 3. Capillaries 4. Venules 5. Veins
68
Arteries
- carry blood AWAY from heart - does not refer to oxygenated or deoxygenated blood
69
Elastic arteries
- large conducting arteries exiting the heart - elastic CT in all 3 layers - largest artery (near heart) - ex. Aorta
70
Muscular arteries
- smaller distributing arteries - a LOT of smooth muscle - most arteries - ex. Coronary artery
71
Arterioles
- little arteries - regulate blood flow and blood pressure
72
What do all epithelial tissues have
Basement membranes
73
Capillaries
- very tiny - ONLY tunica intima (endothelium) + basement membrane - allow exchange of gases and nutrients - most have gaps between cells that allow exchange of fluid + solutes with the interstitial fluid
74
Blood vessel analogy
Elastic and muscular arteries= highways Arterioles= smaller roads branching off Capillaries= driveway
75
Venules
- collect blood from capillaries - intima (endothelium) with thin media/external layers
76
Veins
- more superficial - carry blood INTO heart - veIN, INto - large lumen - can have one way valves that prevent backflow of blood - thin media (CT but less smooth muscle than arteries)
77
Close circulation routes
Blood confined to heart and blood vessels
78
Double circulatory routes
2 routes (pulmonary + systemic)
79
Adult circulation
1. Pulmonary circulation 2. systemic circulation 3. Coronary circulation
80
Pulmonary circulation
- for oxygenation of the blood - carries blood from right ventricle to lungs via pulmonary arteries (deoxygenated blood) - picks up oxygen in lungs via capillaries - carries blood from lungs to left atrial vis pulmonary veins (oxygenated blood)
81
Pulmonary circulation flow chart
Right ventricle - pulmonary arteries - capillaries in respiratory portion of lungs - pulmonary veins - left atrium
82
Systemic circulation
- for delivery of oxygenated blood to all other tissues - carries blood from left ventricle to organs via aorta (oxygenated) - organs take up oxygen from blood via capillaries - carries blood from organs to right atrium via superior and inferior vena cava (deoxygenated)
83
Overall route of systemic circulation
Left ventricle to right atrium
84
Subdivision of systemic circulatory routes
- include routes to individual organs/organ systems - examples: 1. Cerebral= brain 2. Hepatic= liver 3. Coronary= heart 4. Bronchial= parts of respiratory system
85
Coronary circulation
- visible externally - starts in the heart - ends in the heart DRAW OUT FLOW CHART
86
Fetal circulation
- we rely on our mothers systems (keeps us alive in utero) - fetus gets oxygen, nutrients from and expels wastes to mothers blood
87
Exchange site for fetal circulation
- in the placenta - blood supplies get close together, but do not mix
88
Umbilical vein
- towards the fetal heart - carries oxygenated blood from placenta to vena cava
89
Lungs and liver of fetus
- almost unfunctional - late to develop and there functions are handled by the maternal organs - 3 shunts allow most blood to bypass these organs 1. Ductus venosus 2. Foramen ovale 3. Ductus arteriosus
90
Ductus venosus
- bypasses liver - connects umbilical vein (oxygenated blood) to inferior vena cava (deoxygenated blood) - permits most of the oxygenated blood coming from the placenta to bypass the liver capillaries - oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mixes in inferior vena cava and enters fetal right atrium
91
Foramen ovale
- bypasses lungs - hole in interatrial septum - allows blood to move from the right to left atrium - bypasses the uninflated fetal lung - fetus is not breathing, so no gas exchange takes place here
92
Ductus arteriosus
- connects pulmonary trunk and aorta - bypasses the uninflated fetal lung - fetus is not breathing, so no gas exchange takes place here
93
What happens to shunts after birth
all shunts normally become closed
94
Umbilical arteries
- away from fetal heart - returns mixed blood to placenta
95
Viscosity of blood
Higher than H20
96
Blood vs water
Blood is thicker than water, has more cells in it
97
pH of blood
7.35-7.45 - not acidic
98
How much blood do we have in our bodies
4-6 L in an adult - think jug of milk
99
Composition of blood
1. Plasma (matrix) - approx. 55-60% of blood volume - fluid portion with solutes 2. Formed elements - approx. 40-45% of blood volume - cellular portion
100
Plasma (matrix)
blood minus formed elements
101
What is plasma composed of
1. H20 2. Proteins 3. Other solutes
102
Proteins in blood
1. Albumins 2. Fibrinogen 3. Globulin 4. Protein based hormones and enzymes
103
Albumins
- most plentiful plasma protein - carries substances such as hormones, enzymes and medicines throughout the body - helps control tissue water balance
104
Fibrinogen
Clot formation
105
Globulin
- antibodies (immunity) - detect and bind foreign invaders (bacteria, viruses)
106
Other solutes of blood
- nutrients - vitamins - wastes - electrolytes - blood gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
107
Red blood cells
- erythrocytes - most abundant cell type in the body
108
What do red blood cells do
Bind and transport most of the oxygen in the blood
109
Hematocrit
Is the percentage of blood volume that is made up of red blood cells
110
Red blood cell shape
Biconcave shape
111
How many nuclei do red blood cells have
NONE - they are anucleate when mature - also have a lack of all other organelles as well
112
Red blood cell life span
120 days
113
Where are old cells recycled
In the liver and spleen
114
What do red blood cells contain
Hemoglobin 1. Four globin chains (protein) 2. Four iron (Fe) containing heme groups
115
Hemo
Means blood
116
Hemoglobin
- iron containing pigment protein - gives blood its red colour - site of reversible oxygen binding (drops off O2 at lungs, picks up O2 at cells)
117
White blood cells
- nucleated - life span varies (days to years) - defend against disease
118
2 types of white blood cells
1. Granulocytes 2. Agranulocytes
119
Granulocytes
- contain visible protein granules - include: 1. Neutrophils 2. Agranulocytes
120
Neutrophils
- All phagocytic (engulf + digest invaders) - kill bacteria
121
Eosinophils
Predominantly attack blood parasites
122
Basophils
- release chemicals involved in inflammation and reduction of blood clotting during immune responses
123
Agranulocytes
- lack visible protein granules - include: 1. Lymphocytes 2. Monocytes
124
Lymphocytes
- for immunity (resistance to disease) - only kill a couple bacteria, then die off - predominantly found within lymphatic tissues
125
T lymphocytes
- activate immune response - kill tumor or virus infected/diseased cells directly
126
B lymphocytes
- become plasma cells that release antibodies that circulate in the plasma
127
Organelles in white blood cells
They have none
128
Monocytes
- kill way more bacteria - enter tissue and enlarge to become macrophages (meaning “big eaters”) phagocytic
129
Platelets
- fragments of cells called megakaryocytes - involved in clotting
130
Life span of platelets
- less than 10 days if not used for clotting
131
Hemopoiesis/hematopoiesis
- formation of blood cells - all blood cells arise indirectly from hemocytoblast cells (which are a type of stem cells) in red bone marrow
132
Where is red bone marrow in an adult located
1. Axial skeleton 2. Pelvic + pectoral girdles 3. Proximal ends of humerus and femur
133
Atrial septal defect
- Cardiovascular related medical condition - a hole in the interatrial septum - most common type occurs due to incomplete closure of the foramen ovale
134
Atherosclerosis
- Cardiovascular related medical condition - build up of fat deposits in the tunica intima that leads to narrowing or blockage of arteries

Anatomy (17 decks)

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