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Unit 12: DNA Replication And Manipulation Flashcards

(39 cards)

1
Q

DNA Replication

A

The process of duplicating a DNA molecule

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2
Q

Template Strand

A

Strand of DNA that serves as a model for the synthesis of a daughter strand

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3
Q

Daughter Strand

A

Strand of DNA that gets copied from template strand

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4
Q

Semiconservstive Replication

A

After each replication, each new DNA duplex will consist of one strand that was present in parental duplex and one newly synthesized strand

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5
Q

Replication Fork

A

Both daughter strands should grow in length by the addition of nucleotides near the site where the parental strands separate

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6
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

An enzyme that carries out DNA replication

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7
Q

Leading Strand

A

The daughter strand whose 3’ end points toward the replication fork so that as the parental double helix unwinds, the daughter strand can be synthesized as one long continuous polymer

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8
Q

Lagging Strand

A

A daughter strand whose 5’ end is near the replication forks and DNA is synthesized in short, discontinuous pieces

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9
Q

Okazaki Fragments

A

The short pieces in the lagging strand

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10
Q

Primer

A

A short stretch of RNA that serves as a starter for DNA synthesis

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11
Q

RNA Primase

A

An RNA polymerase that synthesizes a short piece of RNA complementary to the DNA template

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12
Q

DNA Ligase

A

An enzyme that removes the RNA primer and replaces it with DNA nucleotides

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13
Q

Proofreading

A

The process by which an incorrect nucleotide is removed after it is incorporated

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14
Q

Helicase

A

Unwinds the parental double helix at the replication fork

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15
Q

Single-Stranded Binding Proteins

A

Binds the resulting single-stranded regions of DNA to prevent the template strands from coming back tougher

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16
Q

Topoisomerase II

A

Relieves the stress on the double helix that results from its unwinding at the replication fork

17
Q

Origin of Replication

A

Points at which DNA synthesis is initiated

18
Q

Replication Bubble

A

Forms from the opening of the double helix at each origin of replication

19
Q

Telomere

A

The end of a eukaryotic chromosome that is capped by a repeating sequence repeated over again in about 1500-3000 copies

20
Q

Telomerase

A

Enzyme that replaces the lost telomere repeats

21
Q

Germ Cells

A

Cells consisting of sperm or eggs

22
Q

Stem Cells

A

Undifferentiated cells

23
Q

Somatic Cells

A

Cells active in the body

24
Q

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A

A method for making copies of a piece of DNA which allows a targeted region of a DNA molecule to be replicated into as many copies as desired

25
PCR Procedure Steps
1. At least one molecule of double-stranded DNA containing the region to be amplified serves as the template for amplification 2. DNA polymerase is used to replicate DNA 3. Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates with bases A, T, G, and C are used as the building blocks for new DNA strands 4. Two short sequences of single-stranded DNA are required for DNA polymerase to start. Enough primer is added so the number of primer DNA molecules is greater than the number of template DNA molecules
26
Oligonucleotides
The primer sequences produced by chemical synthesis and are about 20-30 nucleotides long
27
Denaturation
A solution containing double-stranded DNA is heated into two individual strands
28
Annealing
When the solution is cooled, the two primers anneal to their complementary sequence on the DNA template strands
29
Extension
DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands by extending primers in a 5’ to 3’ direction
30
Gel Electrophoresis
A procedure done to determine the actual size of a DNA fragment by inserting DNA samples into slots and immersed in a solution that allows an electric current to be passed through it and DNA molecules move according to their size
31
Restriction Enzymes
Enzymes that cleaves DNA at specific nucleotide sequences
32
Restriction Sites
Sites where restriction enzymes cleave DNA
33
Palindromic
The sequence of the top strand of DNA is the same as the bottom sequence
34
Renaturation
Allows complementary strands to come together again
35
Probe
A small DNA fragment used to determine whether or not a sample of double-stranded DNA contains sequences that are complementary to it
36
Southern Blot
Process by which DNA molecules get cut using restriction enzymes, the DNA segments undergo gel electrophoresis where the segments get transferred to filter paper and get shone with light or become raditoactive and the presence of bands indicates the number and size of DNA fragments complementary to probe
37
Dideoxynucleotide
The 3’ hydroxyl group on the sugar ring is absent
38
Chain Terminator
The presence of a dideoxynucleotide that stops strand growth
39
Sanger Sequencing
A processes incorporating dideoxynucleotides to daughter strands that determines the DNA template