Unit 2 Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
Science
A
A systematic approach to understanding of natural phenomena
2
Q
Natural Science - Subject matter
A
Empirically observable (natural) phenomena
3
Q
Natural Sciences - Empirical Process
A
Direct observation and measurement
4
Q
Natural Sciences - Experimental action
A
- Manipulate IVs
- Control extraneous factors
- Measure effect on DV
-Often repeated measurement
5
Q
IV in Behavior Analysis
A
Environment
6
Q
DV in behavior analysis
A
Behavior
7
Q
Goals of the Natural Science of Behavior Analysis
A
Description, prediction, control
8
Q
Philosophical Assumptions
A
Selectionism, determinism, empiricism, parsimony, pragmatism
9
Q
Philosophical Assumptions of ABA
A
-Attitude and assumptions
-Our expectations of our science
-Our values that guide our science
-The strategies put forth to explain a phenomenon in measurable and objective terms
10
Q
Selectionism
A
-Variation and selection of traits
-The philosophical assumption that attributes genetic and behavioral variation to selection
11
Q
Determinism
A
-The universe is lawful, as is behavior
-Behavior occurs as a result of environmental events in a systematic way
12
Q
Empiricism
A
Objective observation with thorough description and quantification of the behavior
13
Q
The two elements of empiricism
A
Experimentation and Replication
14
Q
Empiricism involves ______
A
Empiricism involves clear and concise definitions of the phenomena of interest
15
Q
Empiricism allows for ___ and ___
A
Allows for the observation of the phenomena and measurement of the phenomena
16
Q
Experimentation in Behavior Analysis
A
-Systematic manipulation of environmental events
-Observation and measurement of behavior
-Control extraneous, environmental factors
17
Q
Replication in Behavior Analysis
A
-An experiment
-A part of an experiment
-Altering some piece of an experiment
18
Q
Characteristics of Dimensional Measures
A
Standard, Absolute, Universal
19
Q
Standard
A
Widely used by the community
20
Q
Absolute
A
The measure never changes
21
Q
Universal
A
Can be applied to every instance where that type of measure is important
22
Q
Measurement allows practitioners to:
A
- Determine if behavior change is needed
- Track behavior change
- Maximize services
- Evaluate interventions
23
Q
Fundamental Characteristics or quality of behavior allows ___ and exists ____
A
Allows for behavior to be measured and exists independent of its measurement
24
Q
Fundamental properties of behavior
A
A single response;
- Can reoccur (repeatability)
- Occurs at a point in time (temporal locus)
- Occupies an amount of time (temporal extent)
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Repeatability
A single response that occurs once can reoccur (repeat)
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Temporal locus
A single response occurs at a point (location) in time in relation to other events
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Temporal extent
A single response occupies time (extends through time)
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Dimensional Quantity of Behavior
A measurement aspect of a fundamental property of behavior
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Dimensional quantities measure _____
Fundamental properties
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Dimensional Quantities in Behavior Analysis
-Count
-Rate
-Celeration
-Inter-response time
-Latency
- Duration
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Fundamental Properties and Dimensional Quantities: Repeatability
Count
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Fundamental Properties and Dimensional Quantities: Repeatability and Temporal Locus
Rate, Celeration, IRT
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Fundamental Properties and Dimensional Quantities: Temporal Locus
Latency
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Fundamental Properties and Dimensional Quantities: Temporal Extent
Duration
35
Count (Countability)
The number of times a response occurs
Measure of the fundamental property of repeatability
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Count does not include ____
Count does not include any measure of time
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Issues with Count
-Count is missing time (How bad is it?)
-Numbers are not comparable from one observation to the next
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Rate
Ratio of responses over time
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Rate is a measure of the properties of _____
Repeatability and temporal locus
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Rate: ______ in behavior analysis
Fundamental datum in behavior analysis (Skinner, 1938)
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Rate is often expressed as
Count per minute
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What makes count meaningful?
Inclusion of time
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When the term “frequency” is used, explain how to know whether the data presented are measures of count or rate
Depends on if it references time or not.
44
Celeration
Change in rate of responses over time
(Count/time)/time
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Celeration is a measure of _
The properties of repeatability of temporal locus
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Celeration is used
-Skinner’s work and cumulative records
-Precision teaching
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Inter-Response Time (IRT)
The time between two successive responses
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IRT is a measure of
The properties of repeatability and temporal locus
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The inverse relationship between rate and IRT
-As the rate increases (accelerates), the IRTs decrease (get shorter)
-As the rate decreases (decelerates), the IRTs increase (get longer)
50
Latency
The amount of time between an antecedent stimulus and a response
51
Latency is a measure of
The property of temporal locus
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Duration
Amount of time from the start of response until the end of the response
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Duration is a measure of
The property of temporal extent
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Data
Information collected as a result of measurement
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Importance of Data
-Enable clinical decision making
-Allow for ongoing assessment and evaluation
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Data refers to
Multiple pieces of information or observations (plural form)
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Datum refers to
A single piece of information or observation (singular form)
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Components of Behavioral Measurement
-Identify responses meeting target definition
-Determine the amount of behavior
-Record the amount using the appropriate unit of measure
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Two observation types
Complete and incomplete
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Complete observation
Observation method that allows for all occurrences of the target behavior to be observed and measured
61
When measuring a phenomenon of interest; will the data collected be:
Accurate, representative (complete observation
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Incomplete observation
Schedule of observation that may fail to capture some instances of the target response due to observing only a sample of possible opportunities
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Direct Measurement
Measurement in which the behavior being measured is the actual behavior of interest
64
Indirect Measurement
Measurement in which what is being measured is not the actual behavior of interest
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Examples of indirect measures
Questionnaires, interviews, rating scales
66
Two recording methods
Continuous and Discontinuous
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Continuous recording methods
Methods designed to capture all instances of the target behavior during an observation period
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Continuous methods can ___, but ___
Continuous methods can capture every event that occurs during the observation periods, BUT are not guaranteed to
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Methods for Continuous Recording
- Event (incorporates count, rate, and Celeration)
-IRT recording
-Latency recording
-Duration recording
70
Event Recording
Recording procedure that involves counting each instance of the behavior of interest and converting that count to a measure
71
Event Recording Steps
1 - Record time observation begins
2 - Count the responses
3 - Record the time observation ends
4 - Convert to rate by dividing count/unit of time
5 - Report as count per unit of time (rate)
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Event Recording Advantages
Sensitive measure of repeatability
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When to use event recording
Free operants
Response has a clear beginning and end
74
Event Recording Considerations - Not appropriate for:
- High rates of behavior
- Non-discrete behavior
- Behavior that occurs for long periods of time
- Discrete trials
- Behavior where accuracy is important
75
IRT Recording
Recording procedure that involves measuring the amount of time between two successive instances of the behavior of instance
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IRT Recording Steps
1 - Identify the response cycle
2 - Start timing at the end of the response cycle
3 - Stop timing at the beginning of the next response cycle
4 - Record time
5 - Optional: Calculate average IRT (IRT total/# of IRTs
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When to use IRT recording
-When the time BETWEEN responses is of concern
-When implementing certain decelerative procedures (e.g., DRL)
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IRT Recording Considerations
-IRT and rate are inversely related
-Will not provide information concerning accuracy of the responses
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Steps for Estimating IRT
-Mean IRT may be estimated given the rate, provided that the variability is not too great or that there are no outliers
-Formula: Recording interval/count
-Report as amount of time (minutes, seconds, hours)
80
When to Estimate IRT - Appropriate when:
-Responses are distributed across the observation period
-No significant outliers
-You know the rate
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Estimating IRT is not appropriate when:
-Responses are grouped at one point of the observation (e.g., beginning or end)
-Significant outliers exist
82
Latency Recording
Recording procedure that involves measuring the amount of time between an antecedent stimulus and the behavior of interest
83
Latency recording steps
1 - Start the timer when the relevant antecedent occurs
2 - Stop the timer when the response occurs
3 - Record time
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When to use latency recording
When the time between the opportunity to respond and the actual response is the primary concern
85
Latency Recording Considerations
- Determine when to start and stop the timer
1 Will not provide information concerning the accuracy of the response
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Latency Recording Considerations: When to start/stop the timer
Start: At the onset or offset of the antecedent stimulus
Stop: At beginning or end of the response cycle (if the latter you may be confounding latency and duration)
87
Duration Recording
Recording procedure that involves measuring the amount of time from the beginning to end of the behavior of interest
88
Types of Duration Measures
-Total Duration (AKA duration per session)
-Duration per occurrence
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Duration per occurrence steps
1 - Record the time at the start of the observation
2 - Start timer when individual begins engaging in the response
3 - Stop the timer at response end
4 - Record duration and reset timer
5 - Repeat steps 2,3,4 until the end of the observation
6 - Record time at end of the observation
90
Total duration steps
1 - Record the time at the start of the observation
2 - Start timer when individual begins engaging in the response
3 - Stop the timer at the response end
4 - Record duration and reset timer
5 - Repeat steps 2,3,4 until the end of the observation
6 - Record time at end of the observation
7 - Add all duration from the session together for a total time
8 - Record total duration
91
When to use duration recording
- Behavior that occurs for long periods of time (tantrums, exercise, tasks)
- When length of response is primary concern
92
Duration recording considerations
Sometimes difficult to define a clear start and stop
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Factors to consider when selecting a response measure
W - Where to collect data?
W - When, how often, how long?
W - Who will collect the data?
H - How the data be used
E - Estimated rate of the behavior
R - Responses or episodes?
D - Dimensional quantity of interest
R - Resources available
94
Multiple measures - Questions/Considerations
-Is the rate enough?
-Is the total duration enough?
-Can we benefit from multiple measures on the same graphs?
