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BEH 5043 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Discontinuous Recording Methods are

A

Methods in which all instances of the target behavior are not captured during the observation period. Occurrences are known/planned to be missed.

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2
Q

When are discontinuous recording methods appropriate?

A

When continuous measures are challenging

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3
Q

Interval Recording

A

Discontinuous measures in which the observation period is divided into smaller time periods, and criteria for occurrence or nonoccurrence are established

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4
Q

Interval recording is also known as

A

Time sampling

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5
Q

Data in interval recording are typically reported as

A

Percentage of intervals

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6
Q

Types of interval recording

A

Partial-Interval Recording (PIR)
Whole-Interval Recording (WIR)
Momentary Time Sampling (MTS)
Planned activity check (PLACHECK)

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7
Q

Partial-Interval Recording

A

A form of interval recording in which occurrence is noted if the behavior occurs at any time during the interval

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8
Q

PIR Advantages

A

-Easier to record than rate/frequency with high-rate responses and responses without a clear start and end.
-High IOA

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9
Q

PIR Disadvantages

A

Underestimates frequency of high-rate behavior
Overestimates duration of responding

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10
Q

When to use PIR

A

For moderately high frequency behavior
For behavior without clear start/stop
For behaviors targeted for decrease

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11
Q

Whole-Interval Recording

A

A form of interval recording in which occurrence is only noted if the behavior occurs for the entire interval

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12
Q

WIR advantages

A

-May be easier to record than duration per occurrence or total duration (can stop observing as soon as the behavior stops occurring)

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13
Q

WIR Disadvantages

A

Underestimates duration of responding

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14
Q

WIR should only be used for

A

Behaviors targeted for increase

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15
Q

When to Use WIR

A

-For behavior with significant duration
-Continuous measurement of duration may not be feasible
-For behaviors targeted for increase

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16
Q

Momentary Time Sampling

A

A form of interval recording in which occurrence/nonoccurrence of behavior is observed and recorded at the end of the interval

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17
Q

MTS Advantages

A

-Very easy to record
-May be most accurate representation of duration (doesn’t have a bias towards over or underreporting)

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18
Q

MTS Disadvantages

A

May not be representative (doesn’t capture behavior during the interval) - shortest of snapshots

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19
Q

When to use MTS

A

-When continuous observation is not feasible
-When observer has other responsibilities
-For behavior targeted either for increase or decrease

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20
Q

Planned Activity Check (PLACHECK)

A

A variation of momentary time sampling where the number of members of a group engaging in the target behavior is noted at the end of the interval

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21
Q

When to use PLACHECK

A

-When data are needed on the behavior of individuals within a group
-When continuous observation is not feasible

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22
Q

Bias in measurement

A

A tendency to consistently over or underreport events

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23
Q

Discrete trial probes

A

A discontinuous recording procedure in which a sample of the behavior is collected during discrete trials when treatment is not yet, or is no longer, in effect

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24
Q

Discrete Trial Probes: Advantages

A

-Easier to collect than continuous (all trial) data
-May correlate with data from more sessions (three or more)

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25
Discrete Trial Probes: Disadvantages
-Not continuous; limited representation -May lead to premature determination of mastery
26
Discrete trial probes are also known as
First-trial probes
27
Derivative Measures
Forms of data obtained from direct measures of behavior
28
Two derivative measures of behavior
-Percentage - Trials-to-criterion
29
Percent Correct
The ratio of correct responses out of the total number of responses as a fraction of 100
30
Percent Occurrence
The ratio of target responses out of the total number of opportunities to respond
31
Advantages of Percentage
-Puts response dimensions in context -Not just frequency, but frequency out of opportunities
32
Disadvantages of percentages
-Lose reference to behavioral dimensions -Percent and percent correct are not dimensional quantities
33
Discrete Categorization (Coding)
A data collection method for classifying responses - codes for behavior
34
Discrete categorization is reported as
Percent of responses for each code
35
Discrete Categorization (Coding) Advantages
-Allows collection of data on qualitative measures -Can measure topography, magnitude, intensity, etc
36
Discrete Categorization (Coding) Disadvantages
-Often nominal (naming) rather than quantitative data -May not graph easily - need to be careful with interpretation
37
Trials-to-Criterion
A measure of the number of opportunities required until responding reaches a targeted level of performance
38
Trials-to-criterion is a measure of
Learning efficiency
39
Trials-to-Criterion can be used to
Assess learner competency or to evaluate the efficiency of different teaching strategies
40
Permanent Products
A change in the environment produced by behavior
41
Permanent products are sometimes known as
Response products
42
Permanent Products: Advantages
-Don’t have to be there when the behavior happens (measurement may be easier and more accessible) -May be more accurate, complete, continuous (allows for multiple people to observe same results and more than one time)
43
Permanent Product Disadvantages: Lacks _____; Cannot always ________ and ________; Use of recording can _____
-Lacks correspondence between products and behaviors -Cannot always be sure of the response that produced the product -Cannot always be sure who engaged in the response -Use of recording can cause people to behave differently (reactivity)
44
Amenable to Measurement by Permanent Products - Two Rules
1 - Each occurrence of behavior produces the same product 2 - Permanent product is ONLY produced by the target behavior
45
Low-Tech Measurement Tools
-Pencil and paper data sheets -Frequency counters
46
High-Tech Measurement Tools
Using machines/computers to record data
47
Advantages of Automated Measurement
Do what they’re designed to do, don’t get distracted
48
Disadvantage of automated measurement
May not account for variations in topography, intensity, etc.
49
Manual (human) measurement advantages
More flexible/responsive - able to detect variation in topography, intensity
50
Manual (human) measurement disadvantages
Humans can get distracted
51
Guidelines for selecting a response measure
-Choose continuous measures, if possible -Compromise with discontinuous measures, if needed.
52
Evaluating Measurement
Effective and Analytic
53
Effective
Have we made a change? Did behavior change? Did the change matter?
54
Analytic (Evaluating Measurement)
Confidence that the change in behavior was due to the independent variable.
55
Three essential factors
Validity, accuracy, reliability
56
Measurement validity
Correspondence of a measure to behavior, legitimately and directly measured.
57
Measurement accuracy
Comparison of a measure with a known standard
58
Measurement accuracy determines
Whether the observed value matches the true value
59
Measurement Reliability
Consistency of measurement
60
Rank the terms by order of importance: Reliability, validity, accuracy
Validity, accuracy, reliability
61
Considerations in Selecting Observation Methods
-Training -Feedback -Contingencies -Ensure accuracy -Prevent observer drift
62
Troubleshooting issues: Failure to collect data
-Make as easy as possible -Practice to fluency -Set expectations before or use contract -Transmit data more frequently -Reinforce and shape
63
Troubleshooting issues: Losing data sheets
-Electronic -Brightly covered folders/binders -Central location or near where behaviors occur -Make portable if possible
64
Troubleshooting issues: Data are being estimated
-Support the efforts -Stress the importance of honesty - it’s better to have no data than to have inaccurate data -Shaping
65
Interobserver Agreement (IOA)
A comparison of two or more independent observers’ recording of the same events
66
IOA as a Measure of Reliability
Might be considered a measure of inter-rater reliability.
67
IOA is not a measure of
Validity or accuracy
68
IOA is more so a measure of
Believability
69
Uses of IOA
-Determine competence of new observers -Detect observer drift -Increase confidence in definitions and measurement procedures -Confirma that variability in data reflects behavior and not observers
70
General standard of IOA
80%
71
IOA is reported as
Percent agreement
72
Two general approaches to calculating IOA
1 - Smaller number divided by the larger number 2 - Number of agreements divided by the number of agreements plus disagreements
73
Total Count IOA - Measurement and formula
-Rate, frequency - Smaller number/larger number
74
Mean Count-per-Interval IOA
Int 1 IOA + Int 2 IOA…./N intervals
75
Most stringent form of count per interval IOA
Exact Count
76
Exact Count-per-interval IOA formula
# of intervals with 100% agreement/N intervals
77
Total Duration IOA formula
Shorter duration/longer duration
78
Mean Duration-per-occurrence IOA formula
Dur 1 IOA + Dur 2 IOA…/# of responses with duration
79
Types of Count IOA
Total count, mean-per-interval, exact count-per-interval
80
Types of duration IOA
Total Duration, Mean Duration-per-occurrence
81
Interval-by-Interval IOA formula
# intervals agreed/#agreed+#disagreed
82
Scored-interval IOA is also known as
Occurrence IOA
83
Scored-interval IOA only looks at
Agreement on occurrence of behavior (scored)
84
Unscored-interval IOA is also known as
Nonoccurrence IOA
85
Unscored-interval IOA only looks at
Agreement on nonoccurrence of behavior (unscored)
86
IOA data should be collected
-Across phases/conditions -For all observers -For 20-33% of all observations

BEH 5043 (6 decks)

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