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ap psychology > unit 2 > Flashcards

unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

receptor site

A

A receptor site is like a lock that can only be opened by a correct key (a neurotransmitter) that then “opens” the lock to allow the cell to fire

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2
Q

dendrite

A

receives data or signals from another neuron

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3
Q

axon

A

Carries electrical impulses that are the means of communication within the brain, between the brain, and the rest of the body.

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4
Q

myelin sheath

A

protect axons and helps speed nerve transmissions

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5
Q

axon terminals buttons/buds

A

Releases neurotransmitters that relay signals across a synapse

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6
Q

synaptic gap

A

Provides space for chemical transmission of messages from the nervous system

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7
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

Enables muscle action, learning, and memory

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8
Q

dopamine

A

Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion

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9
Q

serotonin

A

affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

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10
Q

norepinephrine

A

helps control alertness and arousal

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11
Q

GABA

A

a major inhibitory neurotransmitter

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12
Q

glutamate

A

A major excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in memory

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13
Q

endorphins

A

Neurotransmitters that influence the perception of pain or pleasure

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14
Q

nerves

A

bundles of fibers that transmit signals between the central nervous system (CNS) and other parts of the body

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15
Q

central nervous system

A

consists of the brain and the spinal cord

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16
Q

functions of the central nervous system

A

processing information, integrating signals, and coordinating responses. The brain is responsible for cognitive functions, while the spinal cord facilitates communication between the brain and the rest of the body.

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17
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

composed of nerves and ganglia outside of the CNS

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18
Q

functions of the peripheral nervous system

A

connects the CNS to the limbs and organs, serving as a communication network

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19
Q

what are the peripheral nervous system subcomponents?

A

somatic and autonomic nervous systems

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20
Q

functions of the somatic nervous system

A

voluntary movements and sensory information

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21
Q

somatic nervous system components

A

motor neurons to control skeletal muscles and sensory neurons

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22
Q

Autonomic nervous system function

A

involuntary bodily functions

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23
Q

autonomic nervous system components

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

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24
Q

what are the two components of the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic nrvous systems

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25
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

activates fight or flight to combat stress and danger by increasing heart rate, dilating pupils, and increasing alertness

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26
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

promotes “rest and digest” to foster relaxation and recovery leading to slow heart rate, constricted pupils, and enhanced digestion

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27
Q

endocrine system

A

complex network of glands and organs that produce and release hormones into the bloodstream. These hormones act as chemical messengers, regulating various physiological processes and maintaining homeostasis in the body.

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28
Q

medulla

A

Location: At the base of the brainstem.
Function: Regulates vital autonomic functions such as heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure.

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29
Q

pons

A

Location: Above the medulla in the brainstem.
Function: Involved in regulating breathing and contains nuclei that relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum.

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30
Q

reticular formation

A

Location: Extending through the brainstem.
Function: Plays a crucial role in arousal and consciousness. It filters incoming stimuli and helps regulate sleep-wake cycles.

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31
Q

thalamus

A

Location: At the top of the brainstem.
Function: Acts as a relay station for sensory information, directing it to the relevant areas of the cerebral cortex.

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32
Q

cerebellum

A

Location: At the back of the brain, below the occipital lobe.
Function: Coordinates voluntary movements and balance. It is involved in procedural memory and motor learning.

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33
Q

amygdala

A

Location: In the temporal lobe.
Function: Plays a key role in the processing of emotions, particularly fear and pleasure responses.

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34
Q

hypothalamus

A

Location: Below the thalamus.
Function: Regulates many essential bodily functions, including hunger, thirst, body temperature, and the autonomic nervous system. Also, it is a key player in the endocrine system.

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35
Q

hippocampus

A

Location: In the temporal lobe.
Function: Vital for the formation of new memories and is associated with learning and emotions.

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36
Q

frontal lobe

A

Location: Front part of the brain.
Function: Involved in higher cognitive functions such as reasoning, planning, problem-solving, emotions, and voluntary movement.

37
Q

parietal lobe

A

Location: Top and rear part of the brain.
Function: Processes sensory information it receives from the outside world, mainly relating to spatial sense and navigation.

38
Q

occipital lobe

A

Location: At the back of the brain.
Function: Primarily responsible for processing visual information from the eyes.

39
Q

temporal lobe

A

Location: On the sides of the brain.
Function: Involved in auditory processing and is also important for the processing of semantics in both speech and vision.

40
Q

motor cortex

A

Location: In the frontal lobe, just in front of the central sulcus.
Function: Controls voluntary movements by sending signals to the muscles.

41
Q

association areas

A

Function: Integrates information from different brain regions, allowing us to make sense of it and form complex thoughts.

42
Q

sensory cortex

A

Location: In the parietal lobe.
Function: Receives and processes sensory information from various parts of the body.

43
Q

Broca’s area

A

Location: In the left frontal lobe.
Function: Essential for language production and speech formation.

44
Q

wernicke’s area

A

Location: In the left temporal lobe.
Function: Involved in language comprehension and understanding.

45
Q

corpus callosum

A

Location: Connects the two hemispheres of the brain.
Function: Facilitates communication between the left and right hemispheres, allowing them to work together.

46
Q

heredity

A

the overall process of passing genetic information from one generation to the next

47
Q

heritability

A

a statistical measure used to estimate the proportion of trait variability within a population that can be attributed to genetic factors. does not tell us how much of a trait is determined by genes in an individual, and it doesn’t imply that a trait is fixed or unchangeable. It simply quantifies the extent to which genetic factors contribute to the observed variation in a trait within a specific population.

48
Q

stimulant effects

A

Increased alertness and energy.
Euphoria.
Increased heart rate and blood pressure.
Improved concentration.

49
Q

stimulant examples

A

Cocaine
Amphetamines (e.g., Adderall, Ritalin)
Methamphetamine
Nicotine (in tobacco)

50
Q

stimulant dangers

A

High potential for addiction.
Cardiovascular issues (e.g., hypertension, heart attacks).
Anxiety and paranoia.
Insomnia.
Risk of overdose.

51
Q

hallucinogen effects

A

Altered perceptions of reality.
Hallucinations and vivid sensory experiences.
Altered sense of time and space.
Changes in mood.

52
Q

hallucinogen examples

A

LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)
Psilocybin (found in certain mushrooms)
MDMA (Ecstasy)
PCP (Phencyclidine)

53
Q

hallucinogen dangers

A

Unpredictable psychological reactions.
Flashbacks (especially with LSD).
Impaired judgment and coordination.
Risk of accidents or injury during altered states.
Potential for long-term psychological effects.

54
Q

depressant effects

A

Sedation and relaxation.
Slowed heart rate and breathing.
Reduced anxiety.
Impaired coordination and cognitive function.

55
Q

depressant examples

A

Alcohol
Benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax, Valium)
Barbiturates
Opioids (in high doses)

56
Q

depressant dangers

A

Risk of addiction and dependence.
Respiratory depression (especially with opioids).
Impaired judgment and coordination.
Overdose, which can be fatal, especially when combining with other depressants.

57
Q

This drug distorts sensations and perceptions, sometimes referred to as acid.

A

LSD, Hallucinogen

58
Q

This drug contains the active ingredient of THC and is typically smoked.

A

Marijuana, Depressant

59
Q

This drug is the active ingredient in coffee and energy drinks.

A

caffeine, stimulant

60
Q

Commonly abused drug that lowers inhibitions and dangerously affects coordination. Overdose can result in death.

A

alcohol, depressant

61
Q

Powerfully addictive legal drug that increases central nervous system activity and is commonly coupled with other toxic chemicals and additives.

A

nicotine, stimulant

62
Q

Common names are Xanax and Valium, which replaced barbiturates that had more significant negative side effects.

A

benzodiazepines, depressant

63
Q

This drug creates a high consisting of 15-to 30-minute rush of euphoria
followed by a crash of agitated depression.

A

cocaine, stimulant

64
Q

Incredibly addictive and illegal drug that has caused an epidemic in America. Often taken as a replacement for prescription painkillers.

A

heroin, opioid

65
Q

Awake and alert wave type

A

Beta waves - These are fast (15-30 Hz), low-amplitude waves associated with active, alert, and focused mental activity.

66
Q

awake and alert brain activity

A

active, engaged, and responsive

67
Q

awake and alert wave picture

A

short waves with a pattern

68
Q

Awake but relaxed & unfocused wave type

A

Alpha waves - These are relatively slower (8-13 Hz) waves associated with a relaxed, unfocused, or meditative state.

69
Q

Awake but relaxed & unfocused brain activity

A

physically awake but mentally unfocused or daydreaming

70
Q

Awake but relaxed & unfocused wave picture

A

tall and spiky and jumbled

71
Q

NREM-1 wave type

A

Theta waves - These are slower (4-7 Hz) waves with greater amplitude than alpha waves, often seen during the early stages of sleep.

72
Q

NREM-1 brain activity

A

transition from wakefulness to sleep, light sleep

73
Q

NREM-1 picture

A

short and spread

74
Q

NREM-2 wave type

A

Theta waves continue, with the addition of sleep spindles (bursts of fast, rhythmic brain activity) and K-complexes (sudden, sharp waveforms).

75
Q

NREM-2 brain activity

A

deeper sleep. the body starts to prepare for deeper sleep.

76
Q

NREM-2 wave picture

A

tall and spread with about three tall peaks

77
Q

NREM-3/4 wave type

A

Slow-wave sleep (SWS) characterized by delta waves - These are slow (0.5-4 Hz), high-amplitude waves.

78
Q

NREM-3/4 brain activity

A

deepest stage of sleep. important for physical restoration and growth

79
Q

NREM-3/4 wave picture

A

super tall with lots of peaks, each roughly the same height

80
Q

REM wave type

A

Similar to awake and alert state, characterized by beta and desynchronized waves. there is also a presence of muscle atonia (temporary paralysis).

81
Q

REM brain activity

A

dreaming occurs, rapid eye movements and temporary paralysis of voluntary muscles

82
Q

REM wave pitcure

A

short and consistent with some sort of pattern

83
Q

circadian rhythm

A

The circadian rhythm is a natural, internal process that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and repeats roughly every 24 hours.

84
Q

Psychodynamic or Freudian

A

Dreams are expressions of unconscious desires, thoughts, and motivations.
Dreams serve as a form of wish-fulfillment, allowing the individual to experience forbidden or unfulfilled desires in a safe, imaginary space.
Freud categorized dreams into manifest content (the literal content) and latent content (the hidden, symbolic meaning).

85
Q

activation-synthesis theory

A

Dreams result from the brain’s attempt to make sense of random neural activity that occurs during REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep.
The brain synthesizes these random signals into a coherent narrative, creating the dream experience.
Dreams are essentially the brain’s attempt to interpret and make meaning out of the chaotic neural activity during sleep.

86
Q

cognitive theory

A

Dreams are a natural part of cognitive processing and problem-solving.
Dreaming may help consolidate and organize memories, process emotions, and solve problems that the individual encountered during waking hours.
Dreams are a way for the brain to simulate and practice responses to real-life challenges.

87
Q

neurobiological theory

A

Dreams are a result of the brain’s ongoing neurobiological activity.
Specific brain regions and neurotransmitters play a role in the generation of dreams.
Dreams may serve as a byproduct of the brain’s maintenance and organization processes during sleep.

88
Q
A

ap psychology (7 decks)

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