unit 6

Question 1

A single cell created through fertilization is called a_______________.

Answer 1

Zygote

Question 2

During which prenatal stage do the first human-like features appear?

Answer 2

During which prenatal stage do the first human-like features appear?

Question 3

List three possible teratogens:

Answer 3

Alcohol, cigarettes, drugs, diseases (e.g., HIV, Rubella, Syphilis, Herpes, Chlamydia). prescription medications (some are more dangerous than others), X-rays, chemotherapy, more

Question 4

What is the name for the reflex in which babies turn their heads, open their mouths and begin sucking if touched or stroked on the cheek or side of the mouth?

Answer 4

Rooting

Question 5

Who is the stage theorist who studied psychosocial personality development across the lifespan?

Answer 5

Erik Erikson

Question 6

Who is the theorist who studied stages of moral development?

Answer 6

Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 7

What were the names of Kohlberg’s three levels of moral reasoning?

Answer 7

preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional

Question 8

Who is the theorist who studied stages of cognitive development?

Answer 8

Jean Piaget

Question 9

What were the names of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

Answer 9

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational

Question 10

What are the names for the two complementary processes that guide cognitive development during all four stages of cognitive development, according to Piaget?

Answer 10

Assimilation and Accommodation

Question 11

What is Piaget’s term for the ability to understand that when an object disappears, it still exists?

Answer 11

Object Permanence

Question 12

What is Piaget’s term for the knowledge that the quantity of something may stay the same, even though the shape of it changes?

Answer 12

Conservation

Question 13

conservation is acquired during what stage?

Answer 13

Concrete Operational stage

Question 14

During which stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, can the individual think in abstract terms and deal with highly symbolic thought?

Answer 14

Operations

Question 15

Which level of Kohlberg’s morality theory states that what is right or wrong is determined by what results in gaining approval from others or from following laws that contribute to social order?

Answer 15

Conventional

Question 16

What is the term for an individual’s basic disposition, which is evident from infancy and primarily based on “nature”?

Answer 16

Temperament

Question 17

What is the term for the deep and enduring relationship that a child has with their primary caregivers/people that they are exposed to quite often?

Answer 17

attatchement

Question 18

Who researched the idea of attachment by placing watching babies after their caregivers left and then again when they returned?

Answer 18

Mary Ainsworth

Question 19

Which level of Kohlberg’s morality theory states that right and wrong is determined by an outside authority (e.g., parents and teachers), based on what results in either gaining a reward or avoiding a punishment?

Answer 19

Preconventional

Question 20

Which researcher highlighted the importance of physical touch and contact comfort in the formation of attachments with parents through his experiment with monkeys?

Answer 20

Harry Harlow

Question 21

Which level of Kohlberg’s morality theory states that what is right or wrong is determined by society’s rules which are viewed as fallible rather than absolute, or by abstract ethical principles that emphasize equality and justice?

Answer 21

Postconventional Level

Question 22

Johnny has not studied for his final exam. The thought of cheating during the test occurs to him, but he decides not to do so because he is afraid that if he gets caught, it will result in a negative mark on his permanent record.

Answer 22

Preconventional (avoidance of punishment 0f negative mark)

Question 23

During a quiz, Bobby is sitting next to the smartest student in the class (Jessica), and he thinks, “I think I have number five right, but I am not sure – yet I want to get a good grade on this test to boost my GPA. I am going to peek at Jessica’s quiz.” He decides that he would let Jessica see his answers in the future. Everyone does it occasionally. Bobby looks at her paper. In this case, he is basing his decision on whether he will treat this person the same way in the future.

Answer 23

Preconventional (self-interest, concrete reward of good grade)

Question 24

Mary is stumped on her homework assignment. She wants to do well, but she cannot figure out the homework. Moreover, she knows that this homework will be graded. She is toying with the idea of copying some answers, but she thinks, “While I do not particularly think we should not be allowed to share homework, especially if it is not for points, I should express these opinions to my teacher in hopes for change, rather than going against the rules.” Mary believes that rules are important but that they can and should be questioned in ways that maintain democratic methods.

Answer 24

Postconventional (self-defined ethical principles guide morality more than rules)

Question 25

John refuses ever to report to the teacher or school officials if anyone breaks the rules. Even if he sees a student bringing dangerous items into school he will not tell because he does not want to lose the respect of his peers for “snitching”

Answer 25

Conventional (cares about appearances, how he is perceived by others, and social rule of “not snitching”)

Question 26

A college student who opposes a particular speaker who is visiting campus will not publically protest on campus without permission because it is against university policy. They are deciding what is right and wrong based on strict conformity to the rules of society.

Answer 26

Conventional (following rules because they are rules)

Question 27

Maureen argues that it is not right that huge corporations often find ways to pay no taxes. She believes that the law must be changed. She believes the law should be changed to benefit the whole of society and decides to start a blog to share her views and write to her elected officials.

Answer 27

Postconventional (self-defined ethical principles guide morality more than rules/laws)

Question 28

Kelly’s Father wants her to be a doctor. Kelly is currently a junior in high school and would prefer to become a psychology teacher. Kelly does not mention this to her father because he believes if he is paying for her college education, he will be the one to decide her career path. Her father strictly enforces rules, and she is punished if her grades are not exceptional

Answer 28

Authoritarian

Question 29

Ethel believes that children should not be constrained by rules and regulations. Therefore, her three children have no chores or responsibilities around the house. Ethel spends much time with them and loves them very much.

Answer 29

Permissive

Question 30

Roger has recently divorced his wife of fifteen years. Roger’s two children live with him. However, he spends most of his time working or out with friends. He is not aware of his children’s interests or passions and does not care much to find out.

Answer 30

Negligent

Question 31

Mindy will be attending the high school prom in a few weeks; her parents realize that this is a special event and that Mindy’s normal curfew may not be appropriate. They seek her input and together establish a new set of guidelines for the prom weekend

Answer 31

Authoritative

Question 32

Maddie is fifty years old but feels young again when she is around her children. She wants to be friends with her children rather than a parent; she allows her teenage children to throw parties at the house and to come home whenever they like. She borrows her daughter’s clothes and wants to Facebook with her daughter’s friends. Her children have almost no restrictions and are given whatever they want materially. She thinks that she is “cool” without realizing that her children need a parent, not a friend.

Answer 32

Permissive

Question 33

Teddy is the father of four children. He sets the rules and expects them to be followed… period. There is little communication, and he rarely expresses love or affection and imposes strict control.

Answer 33

Authoritarian

Question 34

Samuel is tired of meeting women at parties, bars, and dating lots of different people. Sure, it’s fun sometimes, but now he’d rather have one special person to settle down with and share his life.

Answer 34

intimacy vs. isolation

Question 35

Daniel doesn’t want to wear the pajamas his mother chose for him. Instead, he STRONGLY prefers last night’s (dirty) PJs! Daniel’s mom agrees and dresses him in his (dirty) PJ selection.

Answer 35

Autonomy vs. shame/doubt

Question 36

Martin has been a very successful business man for nearly 25 years. His 3 children are reaching adulthood. Martin decides to start a small business that provides financial advice to young people who are just starting their careers.

Answer 36

generativity vs. stagnation

Question 37

Timmy’s mom pours him a bowl of Cheerios and milk. She directs him to go sit at the kitchen table. Timmy reaches for the bowl of Cheerios, announcing, “I carry it!” On the way to the table, lots of milk and cereal spill on the floor. Mom quietly cleans up the mess and thanks Timmy for his “help.”

Answer 37

autonomy vs. shame/doubt

Question 38

Baby Christopher’s mom feeds him every 3 or 4 hours, burps him, walks with him when he is fussy and makes sure he is dressed warmly every time he goes outside for a walk with her.

Answer 38

trust vs. mistrust

Question 39

It’s Little League season and third-grader Jonathan can’t wait! Last spring he was in Junior Little League and every time he was at bat, he made a hit. He also caught three fly balls, and won the game for the team! Jonathan’s coaches, friends and parents are looking forward to Jonathan playing on the Little League team this season.

Answer 39

industry vs. inferiority

Question 40

Annie’s parents are doctors. Her grandparents are doctors. In fact, Annie’s parents have told her that after her high school graduation, they are looking forward to her entering the same college and medical school they attended. Annie waits for just the right time to announce her plans to travel to Europe after high school to pursue her interest in drawing and painting, and to learn Italian.

Answer 40

identity vs. role confusion

Question 41

Kaylee contributes to the flood relief fund because others are doing so, and she doesn’t want to look selfish. Kohlberg might explain that she is in the
a. postconventional stage.
b.preconventional stage.
c. conventional stage.
d. preoperational stage.
e. formal operational stage.

Answer 41

c

Question 42

Mary Ainsworth’s research on attachment suggests that a child is most likely to become “securely attached” when exposed to
a. a terry cloth-wrapped “surrogate” mother.
b.a caregiver with the right temperament.
c. consistent, responsive caregivers.
d. an imprinting experience shortly after birth.
e. enriched motor development experiences.

Answer 42

c

Question 43

Temperament refers to what aspect of an infant’s development?
a. Susceptibility to infection and disease
b. Emotional reactivity
c. General intelligence
d. Level of optimism
e. Ability to learn from situations

Answer 43

b

Question 44

Peyton is 11 years old and knows 10-7=3 and 3+7=10 but finds it difficult to solve a math problem, such as 3x-5, because she cannot understand why there is a letter in the problem. Piaget would most likely place her in the
a. concrete operational stage.
b. formal operational stage.
c. preoperational stage.
d. sensorimotor stage.
e. preconventional stage.

Answer 44

a

Question 45

The more often the stimulus is presented, the weaker the response becomes. What do developmental researchers call this decrease in response intensity due to repeated stimulation?
a. Stagnation
b. Attachment
c. Autonomy
d. Imprinting
e. Habituation

Answer 45

e

Question 46

By providing increasingly difficult words for his second grader to spell, Logan is making use of
a. scaffolding.
b. assimilation.
c. accommodation.
d. imprinting.
e. maturation

Answer 46

a

Question 47

Ryan has a difficult time understanding his mother’s facial expressions and engages in repetitive actions. One explanation of this is that Ryan is suffering from
a. FAS.
b. ASD.
c. NCD.
d. metacognition.
e. menopause.

Answer 47

b

Question 48

When she was 45, Sophie decided to go to nursing school because she felt that her corporate job was not fulfilling. Erikson would argue that her career change was an attempt to find a sense of
a. integrity.
b. intimacy.
c. generativity.
d. identity.
e. competence.

Answer 48

c

Question 49

Concrete operational

Answer 49

This stage of cognitive development, according to Jean Piaget’s theory, typically occurs between the ages of 7 to 11 years old. During this stage, children begin to think logically about concrete events but struggle with abstract or hypothetical concepts. They start to understand conservation, reversibility, and the ability to perform operations mentally.

Question 50

Formal operational

Answer 50

This is the final stage of cognitive development proposed by Piaget, typically occurring around age 11 and continuing through adulthood. During this stage, individuals gain the ability to think abstractly, use hypothetical-deductive reasoning, and consider multiple possibilities when solving problems. They can understand complex concepts and engage in advanced reasoning.

Question 51

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Answer 51

This is a stage of psychosocial development described by Erik Erikson, typically occurring during adolescence. Adolescents in this stage are exploring their identities, trying to establish a sense of self and purpose. They may experiment with different roles and identities, leading to either a solid sense of identity or confusion about who they are and what they want to become.

Question 52

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Answer 52

This is another stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development theory, typically occurring in young adulthood. Individuals in this stage seek to form intimate, close relationships with others, whether romantic or platonic. Success in this stage involves the ability to form deep connections with others, while failure may lead to feelings of loneliness and isolation.

Question 53

Conventional level

Answer 53

This is a stage of moral development described by Lawrence Kohlberg. Individuals at this level conform to social norms and rules, basing their morality on external factors such as authority figures and societal expectations. Moral reasoning at this level is focused on maintaining social order and avoiding punishment.

Question 54

Postconventional level

Answer 54

This is the highest stage of moral development according to Kohlberg. Individuals at this level develop their moral principles based on abstract reasoning and universal ethical principles rather than solely on societal norms. They may challenge existing laws and conventions if they conflict with their personal sense of justice and morality.