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ap psychology > unit 7 > Flashcards

unit 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Motivation

A

The process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. It involves biological, emotional, social, and cognitive forces that activate behavior.

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2
Q

instinct

A

A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

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3
Q

physiological need

A

A biological requirement for survival, such as the need for air, water, food, shelter, and sleep.

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4
Q

drive reduction theory

A

A theory that suggests that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

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5
Q

homeostasis

A

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

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6
Q

incentive

A

A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.

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7
Q

yerkes dodson law

A

The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.

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8
Q

hierarchy of needs

A

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

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9
Q

glucose

A

A simple sugar that is an important source of energy.

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10
Q

set point

A

The point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

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11
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

The body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.

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12
Q

asexual

A

Having no sexual attraction to others.

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13
Q

testosterone

A

The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

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14
Q

estrogens

A

Sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

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15
Q

sexual response cycle

A

The four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

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16
Q

refractory period

A

A resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.

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17
Q

affiliation need

A

The need to build relationships and to feel part of a group.

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18
Q

ostracism

A

exclusion from a group

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19
Q

narcissism

A

Excessive self-love and self-absorption.

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20
Q

achievement motivation

A

A desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of skills or ideas; for control; and for attaining a high standard.

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21
Q

grit

A

Passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals.

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22
Q

emotion

A

A response of the whole organism, involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience.

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23
Q

james lange theory

A

The theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus.

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24
Q

cannon bard theory

A

The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion.

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25
Q

two factor theory

A

Schachter-Singer’s theory that to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal.

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26
Q

polygraph

A

A machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes).

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27
Q

facial feedback effect

A

The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness.

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28
Q

behavior feedback effect

A

The tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions.

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29
Q

stress

A

The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

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30
Q

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases - alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

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31
Q

tend and befriend respone

A

Under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend).

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32
Q

health psychology

A

A subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine.

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33
Q

psychoneuroimmunology

A

The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.

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34
Q

coronary heart disease

A

The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries.

35
Q

type a

A

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.

36
Q

type b

A

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.

37
Q

catharsis

A

Emotional release. In psychology, the catharsis hypothesis maintains that “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.

38
Q

aerobic excersize

A

Sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety.

39
Q

mindfulness meditation

A

A reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner.

40
Q

feel good, do good phenomenon

A

People’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood.

41
Q

positive psychology

A

The scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive.

42
Q

subjective well-being

A

Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life.

43
Q

adaptation level phenomenon

A

Our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.

44
Q

relative deprivtion

A

The perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself.

45
Q

personality

A

An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

46
Q

psychodynamic theories

A

View personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences.

47
Q

psychoanalysis

A

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.

48
Q

unconcious

A

According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

49
Q

free association

A

In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

50
Q

id

A

Contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

51
Q

ego

A

The largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than

52
Q

superego

A

According to Freud, the part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.

53
Q

psychosexual stages

A

According to Freud, the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.

54
Q

Oedipus complex

A

According to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.

55
Q

fixation

A

According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.

55
Q

identification

A

The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos.

56
Q

defense mechanisms

A

In psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

57
Q

repression

A

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.

58
Q

collective unconcious

A

Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history.

59
Q

projective test

A

A personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics.

60
Q

thematic apperception test (TAT)

A

A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.

61
Q

Rorschach Inkblot Test

A

The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

62
Q

Terror-management

A

A theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death.

63
Q

humanistic theories

A

View personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth.

64
Q

self-actualization

A

According to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential.

65
Q

self-transcendence

A

According to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self.

66
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

According to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person.

67
Q

self-concept

A

All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?”

68
Q

trait

A

A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

69
Q

personality inventory

A

A questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.

70
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

71
Q

Empirically Derived Test

A

A test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.

72
Q

Social Cognitive Perspective

A

Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context.

73
Q

Behavioral Approach

A

In personality theory, this perspective focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development.

74
Q

Reciprocal Approach

A

The interacting influences between personality and environmental factors.

75
Q

self

A

In contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.

76
Q

spotlight effect

A

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others notice and evaluate our appearance, performance, and blunders.

77
Q

self-esteem

A

One’s feelings of high or low self-worth.

78
Q

self efficacy

A

One’s sense of competence and effectiveness.

79
Q

self serving bias

A

A readiness to perceive oneself favorably.

80
Q

narcissism

A

Excessive self-love and self-absorption.

81
Q

individualism

A

Giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.

82
Q

collectivism

A

Giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly.

ap psychology (7 decks)

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