Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

ap psychology > unit 5 > Flashcards

unit 5 Flashcards

(102 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

memory

A

The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

recall

A

Retrieving information that was learned earlier, as in a fill-in-the-blank question.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

recognition

A

Identifying items previously learned, as in a multiple-choice question.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

relearning

A

Learning something more quickly when you learn it a second or later time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

encoding

A

The process of getting information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

storage

A

The retention of encoded information over time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

retrieval

A

The process of getting information out of memory storage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

parallel processing

A

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

sensory memory

A

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

short term memory

A

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

long term memory

A

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

working memory

A

A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

explicit memory

A

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

effortful processing

A

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

automatic processing

A

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

implicit memory

A

Retention independent of conscious recollection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

iconic memory

A

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

echoic memory

A

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

chunking

A

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

mnemonics

A

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

spacing effect

A

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

testing effect

A

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

shallow proccessing

A

Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

deep processing

A

Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
semantic memory
Explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems.
26
episodic memory
Explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems.
27
hippocampus
A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.
28
memory consolidation
The neural storage of a long-term memory.
29
flashbulb memory
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.
30
long term potentiation
An increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory.
31
priming
The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.
32
encoding specificity principle
The idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it.
33
mood congruent memory
The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.
34
serial position effect
Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.
35
anterograde amnesia
An inability to form new memories.
36
retrograde amnesia
An inability to retrieve information from one's past.
37
proactive interference
The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.
38
retroactive interference
The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.
39
repression
The basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.
40
insight
A sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions.
41
confirmation bias
A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions.
42
fixation
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving.
43
mental set
A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.
44
intuition
An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.
45
representativeness heuristic
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead to ignoring relevant information.
46
availability heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common.
47
overconfidence
The tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments.
48
belief perseverance
Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
49
framing
The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
50
language
Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.
51
phoneme
The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.
52
morpheme
The smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word.
53
grammar
In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.
54
babbling stage
Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds.
55
one word stage
The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.
56
two word stage
Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements.
57
telegraphic speech
Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—using mostly nouns and verbs.
58
aphasia
Impairment of language, usually caused by damage to the left hemisphere of the brain.
59
broca's area
Controls language expression—an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs muscle movements involved in speech.
60
wernicke's area
Controls language reception—a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe.
61
linguistic determination
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.
62
linguistic influence
The idea that language influences thought, but doesn't necessarily determine it.
63
intelligence
The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
64
general intelligence
A general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman, underlies specific mental abilities and is measured by every task on an intelligence test.
65
factor analysis
A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.
66
savant syndrom
A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill.
67
grit
Passionate perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals.
68
emotional intelligence
The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions effectively.
69
intelligence test
A method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores.
70
achievement test
A test designed to assess what a person has learned.
71
aptitude test
A test designed to predict a person's future performance.
72
mental age
A measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance.
73
stanford-binet
The widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test.
74
intelligence quotient (IQ)
Defined originally as the ratio of mental age to chronological age, multiplied by 100.
75
wechsler adult intelligence scale (WAIS)
he most widely used intelligence test for adults.
76
standardization
Defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group.
77
normal curve
A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes.
78
reliability
The extent to which a test yields consistent results.
79
reconsolidation
A process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again.
80
misinformation effect
Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event, which may lead to inaccurate recall.
81
source amnesia
Attributing an event to the wrong source, such as thinking a memory is one's own when it actually belongs to someone else.
82
deja vu
The eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.
83
cognition
All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
84
concept
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
85
prototype
A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories.
86
creativity
The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.
87
convergent thinking
The ability to provide a single, correct answer to a clearly defined problem.
88
divergent thinking
The ability to generate new and novel ideas, allowing for multiple possible solutions to a problem.
89
algorithim
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics.
90
heuristic
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently, but may lead to errors.
91
validity
The extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to measure or predict.
92
content validity
The extent to which a test measures the entire range of behaviors or skills it is intended to measure.
93
predictive validity
The extent to which a test or measure accurately predicts future performance or behavior.
94
cohort
A group of individuals sharing a common characteristic, such as being born in the same time period.
95
crystallized intelligence
One's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills, which tend to increase with age.
96
fluid intelligence
One's ability to reason quickly and abstractly, which tends to decrease during late adulthood.
97
cross-sectional study
A research design that compares groups of individuals of different ages at the same point in time.
98
longitudinal study
A research design that follows the same group of individuals over an extended period to observe changes and development.
99
intellectual disability
A condition characterized by limitations in intellectual functioning and difficulties in coping with the demands of everyday life.
100
down syndrome
A genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21, leading to cognitive impairments and physical abnormalities.
101
heritability
The proportion of variation among individuals in a population that is attributed to genetic factors.
102
stereotype threat
A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype, leading to decreased performance.

ap psychology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions