Unit 2

Question 1

Hindsight bias

Answer 1

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have forseen it. (ik it all along)

Question 2

Overconfidence

Answer 2

We tend to think we know more than we do.

Question 3

Theory

Answer 3

An explanation using integrated set of principles that organize observations and predicts behaviors or events.

Group of ideas that help explain what we see and guess what will happen next

Question 4

Hypothesis

Answer 4

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Question 5

Operational definition

Answer 5

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study.

(Definition of what exactly is being measured, ex. what does friendliness look like?”

Question 6

Replication

Answer 6

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually w/ different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced.

Question 7

Case study

Answer 7

A descriptive technique in which one individual/group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

Question 8

Naturalistic observation

Answer 8

A descriptive technique of observing & recording behavior in naturally occurring situations w/o trying to manipulate/control the situation

Question 9

Survey

Answer 9

A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

Question 10

Sampling Bias

Answer 10

A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

Question 11

Population

Answer 11

All those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

Question 12

Random sample

Answer 12

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Question 13

Correlation

Answer 13

A measure f the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

Question 14

Correlation coefficient

Answer 14

A statistical index of the relationship between 2 things (from -1:00 - 1:00)

Question 15

Variable

Answer 15

Anything that can vary & is feasible & ethical to measure

Question 16

Scatterplot

Answer 16

A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of Z variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the Z variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation.

Question 17

Illusory Correlation

Answer 17

Perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceiving a stronger-than-actual relationship

Question 18

Experiment

Answer 18

A research method in which an investigator investigates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior/ mental process

Question 19

Regression toward the mean

Answer 19

The tendency for extreme or unusual scores on events to fall back (regress) toward the average

Question 20

Experimental group

Answer 20

In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment (to one version of the independent variable)

Question 21

Control group

Answer 21

The group not exposed to the treatment, contrasts with/ the experimental group & serves as a comparison for evaluations the effect of the treatment

Question 22

Random assignment

Answer 22

Randomly assigned people to be in experimental & control group

Question 23

Double-blind procedure

Answer 23

An experimental procedure in which both of the research participants & the staff are ignorantly about whether the participants have received treatment or a placebo

Question 24

Placebo

Answer 24

Experimental results caused by expectations alone

Question 25

Confounding variable

Answer 25

A factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study’s results

Question 26

Dependent variable

Answer 26

The outcome that is measured, the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated

Question 27

Validity

Answer 27

The extent to which a test or experiment measures/ predicts what it is supposed to.

Question 28

Informed consent

Answer 28

Giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.

Question 29

Debriefing

Answer 29

The post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions to its participants

Question 30

Descriptive statistics

Answer 30

Numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation.

Question 31

Histogram

Answer 31

A bar graph depicted a frequency distribution

Question 32

Mode

Answer 32

The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distrubution

Question 33

Mean

Answer 33

The average of a distribution (add all scores up, divide by number of scores)

Question 34

Median

Answer 34

The middle score in a distribution

Question 35

Skewed distribution

Answer 35

A representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value (falls to one side of scale, very few on the other)

Question 36

Range

Answer 36

The difference between the highest & lowest scores in a distribution

Question 37

Standard deviation

Answer 37

A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score, 68-95-99.7 rule

Question 38

Normal curve

Answer 38

Symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many data types: most scores fall near the mean, fewer near the extremes

Question 39

Inferential statistics

Answer 39

Numerical data that allows one to generalize - to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population

Question 40

Statistical significance

Answer 40

A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

Question 41

Meta-analysis

Answer 41

The statistical technique for combining effect size (results) from numerous studies on the same topic into a single effect size, compile data of what’s already been done

Question 42

Informed Assent

Answer 42

If participant can’t consent, it must be obtained by a legal guardian

Question 43

Falsifiable Hypothesis

Answer 43

A prediction can be disproven through observation or experimentation

Question 44

Qualitative measurements

Answer 44

Non-numerical values to seek meaning

Question 45

Quantitative Measurements

Answer 45

Used to gather numerical data to seek objective knowledge

Question 46

Likert Scale

Answer 46

Participants rate statements

Question 47

Experiment

Answer 47

Can control independent & dependent variable to emphasize bias (this causes that)

Question 48

Correlation

Answer 48

Shows relationships

Question 49

High effect size

Answer 49

Indicates a strong or dramatic impact

Question 50

Medium effect size

Answer 50

Indicates a moderate impact

Question 51

Low effect size

Answer 51

Indicates a slight impact

Question 52

Scientific Method

Answer 52

A self correlating process for evaluation ideas w/ observation & analysis

Question 53

Descriptive Methods

Answer 53

Describe behaviors, often by using case studies, surveys, or naturalistic observations

Question 54

Representative Sample

Answer 54

A sample that represents the whole population being studied (with random sampling)

Question 55

Wording effects

Answer 55

Subtle changes in wording can have major effects on results

Question 56

Generalizability

Answer 56

The ability to apply results for an experiment to the general population

Question 57

Confidentiality

Answer 57

Protects data in a trusted group

Question 58

Anonymity

Answer 58

Complete privacy by preventing any link between responses (no idea who one person is. Ex. Person A)

Question 59

Skewiness

Answer 59

A set of scores that is not equal (not the perfect bell curve)

Question 60

Reliability

Answer 60

The extent to which a test yields consistent results