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AP Psychology > Unit 8 > Flashcards

Unit 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Behavior feedback effect

A

Tendency of behaviors to influence our (& other’s) thoughts, feelings, & actions

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2
Q

Stress

A

How we respond to stressors that we think are threatening/challenging

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3
Q

Tend-and-befriend response

A

Under stress, people (usually women) provide support to others & bond with & seek support from others

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4
Q

Health psychology

A

Subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine

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5
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology

A

Study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes affect the immune system & resulting health

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6
Q

General-adaption syndrome (GAS)

A

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in 3 phases: alarm, resistance, exhaustion

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7
Q

Coronary heart disease

A

Clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle —> leading cause of death in many developed countries

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8
Q

Type A

A

Friedman & Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient & anger prone people

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9
Q

Type B

A

Friedman & Rosenman’s term for easy-going & relaxed people

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10
Q

Catharsis

A

Idea that “releasing” aggressive energy through action or fantasy relieves aggressive urges

Expressing this anger causes more anger

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11
Q

Aerobic exercise

A

Sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness & lowers depression and anxiety

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12
Q

Mindfulness meditation

A

Reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental & accepting manner

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13
Q

Feel-good do-good phenomenon

A

People’s tendency to be helpful when in a good mood

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14
Q

Positive psychology

A

Scientific study of human flourishing w/ goals of promoting strengths to individuals & communities to thrive

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15
Q

Subjective well-being

A

Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life, used w/ objective well-being measures to evaluate people’s quality of life

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16
Q

Adaptation-level phenomenon

A

the tendency for people to quickly adjust to their current circumstances, making that situation their new “normal” and influencing how they perceive other experiences relative to this established baseline

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17
Q

Relative deprivation

A

The perception that one is worse off relative to others

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18
Q

Achievement motivation

A

High standards, desire for significant accomplishment/mastery of skills or ideas

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19
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a balanced/constant internal state, regulation of body chemistry

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20
Q

Physiological need

A

Basic bodily requirement

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21
Q

Drive-reduction theory

A

A physiological need creates an aroused state (drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy that need

I.E - hunger, thirst

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22
Q

Incentive

A

Positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

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23
Q

Hierarchy of needs

A

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning with physiological needs, then safety needs, then love & belongingness, then esteem needs, self-actualization (living up to our full potential), self-transcendence (find meaning) & help others

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24
Q

Glucose

A

When low, we get hungry, sugar that circulates blood & provides energy

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25
Basal metabolic rate
Body’s resting state of energy output
26
Obesity
BMI that’s equal to or over 30 Overweight = 25 or higher
27
Asexual
Having no sexual attraction to others
28
Testosterone
Male sex hormones, in both males & females, but stimulates male sex organs & puberty
29
Estrogen
Greater in females, peak during ovulation. In nonhuman mammals, it promotes sexual receptivity
30
Sexual response cycle
4 stages of sexual response by Masters & Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
31
Refractory period
Resting period, amount of time during which a human can’t have another orgasm, shorter in females
32
Set point
The point where your “weight thermostat” is set, when you fall below this weight, you get hungry & a lower metabolism to restore lost weight
33
Affiliation Need
Need to build relationship & feel part of a group
34
Otracism
Deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups
35
Narcissism
Excessive self-love & self-absorption
36
Grit
Passion & perseverance of long-term goals
37
Emotion
Response to psychological arousal, expressive behaviors, & conscious experience
38
James-Lange Theory
Emotions depend on physiological responses Stimulus -> arousal -> emotion
39
Cannon-bard theory
Arousal & emotion happen together/simultaneously
40
Two-factor theory
(Schactor-singer theory) To experience an emotion, we must be physically aroused & cognitively lable the arousal
41
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Principle that performance increases w/ arousal up to a point, then performance decreases
42
Polygraph
Machine used to detect lies using physiological responses (heart rate & blood pressure)
43
Facial feedback effect
Tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings I.E. Smile = feeling happy
44
Motivation
Need or desire that energizes & directs behavior
45
Instinct
Unlearned & complex behavior that is patterned throughout a species
46
Insulin
Appetite hormone - decreases appetite, controls blood glucose, secreted by pancreas
47
Leptin
Appetite hormone, decreases appetite, protein hormone secreted fat cells, when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger
48
PYY - peptide tyrosine
Appetite hormone, decreases appetite, digestive tract hormone; sends “I’m not hungry” signals to the brain Pretty yummy yet still not hungry
49
Ghrelin
Appetite hormone, increases appetite “I’m hungry”, secreted by empty stomach
50
Orexin
Appetite hormone, increases appetite. Produced by hypothalamus
51
Lateral hypothalamus (LH)
Stimulation of this structure in the hypothalamus stimulates hunger Surgically removing inhibits hunger signals
52
Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)
Stimulation of this structure in the hypothalamus inhibits hunger Surgically removing inhibits full signals
53
Instinct theory
The motivation to survive is the most important motivation and the innate behaviors that aid survival drive our motivation Unlearned, consistent throughout species
54
Arousal theory
The perfect level of stimulation, which allows us to flourish. We constantly are drive to experience stimulation; when we lack it, we try to increase arousal as we feel bored. When there is too much stress or stimulation, we look for ways to decrease arousal.
55
Incentive Theory
Humans are more likely to do something or be motivated if there is an incentive
56
Drive
An activated state that is often triggered by a physiological need
57
Need
a physiological state the usually triggers motivational arousal
58
Refractory period
During the resolution phase, men enter a refractory period that lasts form a few minutes to a day or more, during which they are incapable of orgasms
59
Emotion
Response of the whole organism involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors and conscious experiences
60
James-Lange
The theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus: stimulus leads to arousal which leads to emotion
61
Cannon-Bard thalamic theory of emotion
The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion
62
Schachter & Singer’s two-factor theory
emotions have two ingredients: physical arousal and cognitive appraisal (assessment).
63
Spillover effect
Arousal spills over from one event to the next
64
High road
Travels through the thalamus to the brain’s cortex. Gets analyzed and labeled before the response command is sent out through the amygdala. Hatred and love travel a “high road”
65
Low road
Some simple emotions (likes, dislikes) take the more direct “low road”, a neural shortcut that bypasses the cortex.
66
Zajonc-LeDoux
Some emotional responses are immediate, before any conscious appraisal
67
Stress appraisal
How we appraise an event influences how much stress we experience and how effectively we respond
68
Catastrophes
Unpredictable large-scale events (earthquakes, floods, storms). Can cause damage to emotion and physical health
69
Significant life changes
Many significant life changes happen during young adulthood. Life transitions (loved one dies, move away, divorce) are often felt deeply. Even happy transitions can cause this stress (go to college)
70
Alarm reaction
Heart rate zooms, blood diverted to skeletal muscles, shock and faintness feelings, fight/flight/freeze activated
71
Phase 1: alarm
Sympathetic nervous system activated: heart rate zooms, blood diverted to skeletal muscles, feelings of faintness and shock, fight/flight/freeze activated
72
Phase 2: resistance
Temperature, BP, respiration remain high. Adrenal glands pump hormones into bloodstream, all resources come to help fight/meet challenge. As time passes with no stress relief, body’s reserves begin to diminish
73
Phase 3: exhaustion
With exhaustion, body becomes more vulnerable to illness, or even death or collapse
74
Stress response
4 types of cells active in searching for and destroying invaders in the body: B and T lymphocytes, macrophages and natural killer cells Attack cells that are broken or doing bad things

AP Psychology (15 decks)

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