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Psychology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments or conclusions. It examines assumptions, accesses the sources, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

A

Critical Thinking

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1
Q

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.

A

Hindsight Bias

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2
Q

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.

A

Theory

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3
Q

a testable prediction, often implied by a theory.

A

Hypothesis

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4
Q

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study. (defines concepts in precise procedures or measures)

A

Operational Definition

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5
Q

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see how the results will vary.

A

Replication

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6
Q

Analysis of specific individuals.

A

Case Study

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7
Q

Watching and recording the natural behavior of many individuals without trying to manipulate or control the situation.

A

Naturalistic Observation

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8
Q

Technique to finding the attitudes and behaviors of a group by questioning a representative or sample of the group.

A

Survey

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9
Q

A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample.

A

Sampling Bias

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10
Q

All those in a group being studied.

A

Population

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11
Q

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has equal chance of inclusion.

A

Random Sample

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12
Q

A measure of the extent to which two variables change together, and thus of how well either variable predicts the other.

A

Correlation

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13
Q

The statistical index of the relationship between two variables. (from -1 to 1)

A

Correlation Coefficient

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14
Q

A graphed cluster of dots that represent the values of two variables.

A

Scatterplot

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15
Q

The perception of a relationship where none exists.

A

Illusory Correlation

16
Q

A research method in which the investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process.

A

Experiment

17
Q

In an experiment, the group exposed to one version of the independent variable.

A

Experimental Group

18
Q

In an experiment, the group NOT exposed to treatment. Used for comparison.

A

Control Group

19
Q

Assigning participants to control and experimental groups by chance.

A

Random Assignment

20
Q

An experimental procedure in which both the participants and the staff are ignorant (blind) about who has the real thing and who has the placebo.

A

Double-Blind Procedure

21
Q

Thinking that one is getting treatment can reduce pain and symptoms.

A

Placebo Effect

22
Q

The variable being changed.

A

Independent Variable

23
Q

A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experment.

A

Confounding Variable

24
Q

The variable that might change in response to changing other variables.

A

Dependent Variable

25
Q

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.

A

Validity

26
Q

numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups.

A

Descriptive statistics

27
Q

The arithmetic average of a distribution.

A

Mean

28
Q

The middle score in a distribution.

A

Median

29
Q

The number that occurs the most in a distribution.

A

Mode

30
Q

A representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value.

A

Skewed distribution

31
Q

The difference between the highest and the lowest scores in a distribution.

A

Range

32
Q

The computed range of how much scores vary around the mean scores.

A

Standard deviation

33
Q

A symmetrical, bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data.

A

Normal curve

34
Q

Numerical data that allow one to generalize–to infer from the sample data the probability of something being true of a population.

A

Inferential Statistics

35
Q

The enduring behaviors, attitudes, ideas, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and passed from one generation to the next.

A

Culture

36
Q

An ethical principle that research participants be told enough about the procedure to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.

A

Informed consent

37
Q

the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants.

A

Debriefing

38
Q

A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.

A

Statistical Significance

Psychology (13 decks)

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