Unit 2

Question 0

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments or conclusions. It examines assumptions, accesses the sources, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

Answer 0

Critical Thinking

Question 1

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.

Answer 1

Hindsight Bias

Question 2

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.

Answer 2

Theory

Question 3

a testable prediction, often implied by a theory.

Answer 3

Hypothesis

Question 4

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study. (defines concepts in precise procedures or measures)

Answer 4

Operational Definition

Question 5

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see how the results will vary.

Answer 5

Replication

Question 6

Analysis of specific individuals.

Answer 6

Case Study

Question 7

Watching and recording the natural behavior of many individuals without trying to manipulate or control the situation.

Answer 7

Naturalistic Observation

Question 8

Technique to finding the attitudes and behaviors of a group by questioning a representative or sample of the group.

Answer 8

Survey

Question 9

A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample.

Answer 9

Sampling Bias

Question 10

All those in a group being studied.

Answer 10

Population

Question 11

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has equal chance of inclusion.

Answer 11

Random Sample

Question 12

A measure of the extent to which two variables change together, and thus of how well either variable predicts the other.

Answer 12

Correlation

Question 13

The statistical index of the relationship between two variables. (from -1 to 1)

Answer 13

Correlation Coefficient

Question 14

A graphed cluster of dots that represent the values of two variables.

Answer 14

Scatterplot

Question 15

The perception of a relationship where none exists.

Answer 15

Illusory Correlation

Question 16

A research method in which the investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process.

Answer 16

Experiment

Question 17

In an experiment, the group exposed to one version of the independent variable.

Answer 17

Experimental Group

Question 18

In an experiment, the group NOT exposed to treatment. Used for comparison.

Answer 18

Control Group

Question 19

Assigning participants to control and experimental groups by chance.

Answer 19

Random Assignment

Question 20

An experimental procedure in which both the participants and the staff are ignorant (blind) about who has the real thing and who has the placebo.

Answer 20

Double-Blind Procedure

Question 21

Thinking that one is getting treatment can reduce pain and symptoms.

Answer 21

Placebo Effect

Question 22

The variable being changed.

Answer 22

Independent Variable

Question 23

A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experment.

Answer 23

Confounding Variable

Question 24

The variable that might change in response to changing other variables.

Answer 24

Dependent Variable

Question 25

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.

Answer 25

Validity

Question 26

numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups.

Answer 26

Descriptive statistics

Question 27

The arithmetic average of a distribution.

Answer 27

Mean

Question 28

The middle score in a distribution.

Answer 28

Median

Question 29

The number that occurs the most in a distribution.

Answer 29

Mode

Question 30

A representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value.

Answer 30

Skewed distribution

Question 31

The difference between the highest and the lowest scores in a distribution.

Answer 31

Range

Question 32

The computed range of how much scores vary around the mean scores.

Answer 32

Standard deviation

Question 33

A symmetrical, bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data.

Answer 33

Normal curve

Question 34

Numerical data that allow one to generalize--to infer from the sample data the probability of something being true of a population.

Answer 34

Inferential Statistics

Question 35

The enduring behaviors, attitudes, ideas, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and passed from one generation to the next.

Answer 35

Culture

Question 36

An ethical principle that research participants be told enough about the procedure to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.

Answer 36

Informed consent

Question 37

the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants.

Answer 37

Debriefing

Question 38

A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.

Answer 38

Statistical Significance