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Biology 1 > Unit 2-Cell Structure Review > Flashcards

Unit 2-Cell Structure Review Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotes are what domains of life

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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2
Q

Eukaryotes are what domain of life

A

Eukarya

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3
Q

Cells that are more complex and larger and usually static

A

Eukaryotic

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4
Q

Cells that are smaller and less complex and usually more mobile

A

Prokaryotic

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5
Q

what is a Cell

A

smallest living unit of an organism

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6
Q

All cells have…

A

membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes

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7
Q

3 Rules of cell theory

A
  1. all organisms are composed of 1 or more cells
  2. cells are the basic unit of structure and function in organisms
  3. all cells come from preexisting cells
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8
Q

Cellular organization, smallest to largest

A

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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9
Q

Are Prokaryotes unicellular or multicellular?

A

unicellular

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10
Q

Are Eukaryotes unicellular or multicellular?

A

they can be either, but usually multicellular

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11
Q

Do Eukaryotes have a nucleus?

A

Yes

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12
Q

Do Prokaryotes have a nucleus?

A

No

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13
Q

Do Prokaryotes have stranded or circular DNA?

A

Circular

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14
Q

Do Eukaryotes have stranded or circular DNA?

A

Stranded

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15
Q

Why are cells small?

A
  1. makes it easier to maintain homeostasis
  2. takes less energy to transport substances
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16
Q

Only plant cells have…

A

Cell wall, large permanent vacuole, chloroplast

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17
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

membrane enclosed structures that store water, salt, protein or carbs.

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18
Q

Turgor Pressure

A

The force exerted by stored water pushing cytoplasm against the cell wall, happens in plants

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19
Q

Vesicles

A

stores and moves materials between organelles and cell surface

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20
Q

Lysomes

A

breaks down old organelles with hydrolytic acid, breaks down lipids carbs and protein to be used by the cell

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21
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

microtubules and microfilaments (protein) that maintain the shape and assist with the movement of a cell

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22
Q

What organelles synthesize protein

A

ribosomes and ER

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23
Q

Ribosomes

A

produce protein by following DNA code

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24
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

modifies, sorts, packages material from ER to be stored in cell or removed

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25
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

once proteins leave ribosomes, they enter the ER and are modified

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26
Q

Rough ER

A

portion associated with protein synthesis, covered in ribosomes

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27
Q

Smooth ER

A

Assembly line with no ribosomes

28
Q

Explain the Steps of protein construction

A
  1. proteins are assembled in ribosomes with instructions from nucleus
  2. proteins and ribosomes leave the nucleus and are inserted into the ER
  3. after being modified the proteins leave the ER in vesicles and go to GA
  4. after being sorted they leave the GA in a vesicle and go where they need to
29
Q

Chloroplast

A

location of photosynthesis

30
Q

Mitochondria

A

converts chemical energy in food into usable compounds, contains its own DNA, like a cell within a cell

31
Q

Cell Membrane

A

regulates what goes in and out of a cell (selectively permeable), regulates homeostasis

32
Q

Selectively permeable

A

Only allows some substances to pass through

33
Q

Cell Wall

A

Not a part of animal cells,
porous- allows H2O, CO2, O, and some other materials to pass through.

34
Q

Cillia

A

hairs on the outside of cells that move like tiny arms in order to move a cell

35
Q

Flagella

A

tail or whip like structure that moves a cell

36
Q

Cillia and Flagella are found in what type of cells?

A

Prokaryotic

37
Q

3 structures Eukaryotes have?

A
  1. nucleus
  2. membrane bound organelles
    3.DNA held in nucleus
38
Q

What four kingdoms include Eukaryotes

A

Plant, Animal, Fungi, Protist

39
Q

Centriole

A
  • helps with mitosis by pulling the chromosomes apart using spindles
40
Q

What is the advantage of the cell membrane being selectively permeable?

A

Small, essential molecules can freely pass through, but other things can’t simply freely enter or exit the cell

41
Q

What is the advantage of certain organelles being highly folded within?

A

Increase surface area for reactions to occur

42
Q

Explain the difference between osmosis and diffusion.

A

Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane

43
Q

what happens to a cell placed in a hypertonic solution.

A

A cell in a hypertonic solution will shrink because it has a higher water concentration than the outside solution. Water will move out of the cell

44
Q

what happens to a cell placed in a hypotonic solution.

A

A cell in a hypotonic solution will swell because it has a lower water concentration than the outside solution. Water will move into the cell

45
Q

what happens to a cell placed in an isotonic solution.

A

The cell will maintain its shape

46
Q

A blood cell has the same concentration of solutes as seawater. What would happen to the blood cell if it were placed in a container of distilled (pure, which means 100%) water?

A

Water would be taken into the cell because the outside substance has a higher water concentration. This would cause the cell to swell.

47
Q

In the bloodstream, the concentration of oxygen is 80%. The concentration of carbon dioxide is 20%. In the cell, the concentration of oxygen is 15%. The concentration of carbon dioxide is 85%.

A

Oxygen from the bloodstream will move into the cell and carbon dioxide from the cell will move into the blood street.

48
Q

what part of the semipermeable membrane is hydrophilic

A

the head

49
Q

What dose hydrophilic mean

A

they like water

50
Q

what part of the phospholipid is hyrophobic

A

The nonpolar tails

51
Q

What dose hydrophobic mean

A

doesn’t like water.

52
Q

Role of cholesterol in phospholipid bilayer

A

Controls how close the phospholipids get to one another. Stabilizes

53
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

Sit on top of the bilayer

54
Q

Integral Proteins

A

go through the bilayer

55
Q

Ion channel

A

Proteins that allow ions to pass through cell membrane (passive)

56
Q

Protein pump

A

Uses energy to force substances through the cell membrane (Active)

57
Q

Aquaporin

A

Proteins that allow water to pass through the cell membrane (Passive)

58
Q

2 characteristics that determine how a substance travels across the membrane

A

Size, Polarity

59
Q

what molecules can NOT easily pass through the cell membrane

A

Ions, charged substances (polar) don’t pass through the lipid bilayer

60
Q

why do cells have different membrane carbohydrates

A

So they can organize themselves and identify themselves as part of that organism.

61
Q

what substance completes facilitated diffusion

A

channel proteins

62
Q

Do negative ions or positive ions complete facilitated diffusion?

A

negative ions

63
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Has a higher solute concentration

64
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Has a lower solute concentration

65
Q

Isotonic Solution

A

Equal in solution

66
Q

Endocytosis

A

the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole.

67
Q

Exocytosis

A

a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.

Biology 1 (9 decks)

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