Unit 2 Key Area 1 Metabolic Pathways & 2 Celluar Respiration Flashcards
1
Q
What is the metabolism
A
It is the sum of all chemical reactions taking place in a cell
2
Q
What is the metabolism
A
It is the sum of all chemical reactions taking place in a cell
3
Q
What are the two types of reactions that occur in cells
A
Anabolic
Catabolic
4
Q
Function of nucleus
A
Controls all cell activity
5
Q
Function of cell membrane
A
Controls what leaves and enters the cell
6
Q
Function of the mitochondria
A
Site of aerobic respiration
7
Q
Function of the cytoplasm
A
Site of chemical reaction
8
Q
Function of the cytoplasm
A
Site of chemical reaction
9
Q
Function of the Ribosome
A
Site of protein synthesis
10
Q
Function of the Ribosome
A
Site of protein synthesis
11
Q
What is an anabolic reaction
A
The build up of larger molecules from smaller ones and so require engery
12
Q
What is an exmaole of a anabolic reaction
A
Phosphorylation
13
Q
ADP + PI ->
A
ATP
14
Q
What is a catabolic reaction
A
Reaction that breaks down larger molecules and therefore releases enegery
15
Q
Example of catabolic reaction
A
Cellular respiration
16
Q
Anabolic pathway amino acid
A
The amino acid is the substrate since it is loads of little acids being put together
The protien is the product as it is the larger molecules
17
Q
Catabolic glucose +0²
A
The glucose and oxygen is the substrate since it will be broke down into smaller molecules
The water and carbon dioxide are the products
18
Q
How is enegey moved and stored
A
In the form of ATP
19
Q
Metabolic pathways
A
Are always ingested and controlled enzyme- catalysed pathways reaction within the cells
20
Q
In a metabolic pathway what do they always have
A
Reversible steps
Irreversible
And alternative routes
21
Q
What Is the basis of the membrane
A
Phosphlipids
22
Q
What does the phosphlipod consist of
A
A head and tail
23
Q
What are the parts of the phospholipid
A
Tail
Head
24
Q
What is tail composed off
A
It is liquid
Hydrophobic
25
What is the head composed off
Phosphate
Hydrochloric
26
2 phosphlipid
The phosphlipid bilayer
27
Enzyme
Catalysed step in a metabolic process essential to the cell
28
Pores
To transport larger molecules across the membrane into and out
29
Pumps
Acts as carrier molecules which recognises spefic ions and transfers them across the membrane
Sodium
Potassium pump
30
What do all reactions need
Initial Input energy to be able break bonds
31
What is activation energy
The enegeey needed to cause chnage to reactant chemical
32
What are enzymes
They are biology catalyst
33
What does the enzymes do to the activation energy
It lowers the activation engery which means thr reaction can take place in cells
34
List some properties of enzymes
Lowers activation energy
Specific to substrate
Speeds up reaction
Made of protiens
Found in all living cells
Contains active site
35
Where is the active site
On the enzyme between the enzyme and the substrate
36
Where is the active site
On the enzyme between the enzyme and the substrate
37
What are enzymes
They are large complex protiens folded into a specific shape so they can fit a particular substrate.
38
How to describe an enzyme model
The induced fit model
39
Why does haveinf different orangelles with different function have an advantage
Maximise productivity since each ine can do something different
40
What does every organelle have
A membrane
41
What are the components of a plasma membrane
Phosphlipid and protiens
42
What is the biolayer always doing
Constantly moving
43
Factors effecting enzyme activity
Temperature
pH
Substrate concentration
Enzyme concentration
44
Do substrate have a high affinity or low
They have a High one for the active site
45
Do products have a low or high affinity
They gave a low for the active site allowing then to leave it
46
Do products have a low or high affinity
They gave a low for the active site allowing then to leave it
47
Whwn does the induced fit occur
When the active site changes shape to better fit the substrate after it has bound.
48
Explain how a substrate binds with enzyme
The enzyme active site is open to allow substrate to bind to the active site
The binding at the active site causes a chnage in the active site to a closer position.
Brings the substrates and enzyme closer together and reaction takes place.
Once the product is formed the active site return too open and release the product.
49
Why does the induced fit happen
To reduce the amount of energy required to start the reaction
50
How can biochemical pathways be controlled
By switching on qnd off enzyme production. This avoids wasting resources
51
If the correct enzyme of present then what will happen
The pathway proceeds
52
If one enzyme is missing from the pathway what will happen
The pathway will stop
53
What have an effect on the direction and rate of enzyme reaction
Substrate and product
54
What happens when you remove a product or during the presence of a substrate
It will drive d sequence of reaction in a particular direction
55
What is another way pathways can be controlled through
Competitive, non-competitive and feedback inhibition
56
How many inhibitor are their
Two
57
What are the two types of inhibitors
Competitive and non Competitive
58
How to competive inhibitor work
They bind at the active site and stop the substrate from fitting in
59
Properties of a competitive inhibitor
Similar shape to the substrate
Has the complimentary shape to the active site
Binds to the active site
Prevents the formation of enzyme-substrate
60
How do non-compettive inhibitors work
They attach at the allosteric site not at the active site and causes a change in shape so that thr enzyme cannot accept the substrate
61
Non competitive inhibitor properties
Binds away from the active site
Causes a change in the tertiary structure of the enzyme
Chnages the shape of the enzyme
Prevents the formation of enzyme- substrate complexes
62
On a rate of reaction vs substrate concentration. Does comptivie reach the max rate as no inhibitor
Yes but at a higher concentration
63
What inhibitor can be over come
Competitive
64
How can the competitive inhibitor be overcome
With a higher substrate concentration
65
What is the result of feedback inhibition
The end product then inhibits an the EARLIER ENZYME, BLOCKING pathway to prevents the synthesis of the end product
66
When does feedback inhibition happen
When the metabolic pathway reached a critical concentration.
67
What is cellular respiration
A series of enzyme controlled reactions that release energy from food
68
What are you uses for energy
Muscle contraction
Active transport
DNA replication
Protien synthesis
69
What are the 3 domains of life
Archea eukarya and bacteria
70
Why is cellular respiration important
Yield energy
71
What is the cental of important
Metabolic pathway of cellaur respiration
72
What is the cental of important to cells
Metabolic pathway of cellaur respiration
73
Aerobic respiration word equation
Glucose + oxygen ->> CO2 + water + ATP
74
Whaf type of reaction is Glucose and oxygen to carbon dioxide and water
Catabolic
75
Why is engery relased in celluar respiration
To be used in anabolic reactions
76
What is the role of dehydrogenase
To remove the Hydrogen and electrons
77
What is atp and it'd role
It Is a molecules that cells used to capture store and transport free enevery in a chemical form
78
ADP+Pi = ATP
An anabolic reaction
79
What is the universal link between catabloiblc and anabolic
ATP
80
Where is the rnegery stored on the ATP molecules
Inside the 3rd bond of Pi
81
Is ATP high engery or low
High
82
Is ADP +Pi high or low energy
Low
83
Stage 1 of aerobic respiration
Glycolysis
84
Stage 2 of aerobic respiration
Citric acid cycle
85
What is stage 3 of aerobic respiration
Electron transfer chain
86
What does glucose get broke down too
Pyruvate
87
Where does glycolysis take place
In the cytoplasm
88
What happens to the glucose and intermediate during stage 1
They are phosphorylated
89
What does phosphorylation use up in stage 1
2 ATP molecules
90
What stage is the use of phosphorylation
The engery investment stage
91
What stage is the use of phosphorylation
The engery investment stage
92
How many ATP is used up in stage 1
2
93
How many ATP is released during stage 1 of aerobic respiration
4 ATP
94
What is the net gain in glycolysis
2 ATP
95
What stage is 4 ATP produced
In the engery pay off stage
96
What happens during the break down of glucose to pyruvate
Dehydroenase enzymes remove the Hydrogen ions and electrons.
97
What is the name of the enzyme whixh removes the Hydrogen ions and electrons
Dehydrogenase
98
What happens to the Hydrogen ions and the electrons once they are removed from the enzyme
They are passed to a coenzyme called NAD which is reduced to form NADH
99
What are the products of glycolysis
Pyruvate and 2ATP
Hydrogen ions and electrons
100
Where does the citric acid cycle take place
In the matrix of the mitochondria
101
Does stage 1 require oxygen or not
Does not
102
Does stage 2 need to be ib the present of oxygen order to work
Yes needs oxygen
103
What is pyruvate broken down too in the citric acid cycle
Acetyl
104
What does acetly combine with and what is the product
Coenzyme
To form acetly-coenzymeA
105
What does acetly combine with and what is the product
Coenzyme
To form acetly-coenzymeA
106
What does the acetly group joins with in stage 2
With the oxaloacetate
107
Acetly group + oxaloacetate makes
Citrate
108
How does oxaloacetate regenerated in stage 2
In a series of enzyme controlled enzymes
109
When oxaloacetate is regenerated what products are made
ATP and carbond dioxide
110
What are the products of stage 2
Carbon dioxide hydrogen and electrons
111
Where does stage 3 take place
Inner membrane of the mitochondria
112
What do the NADH do in stage 3
Drop of the Hydrogen ion and electron
113
What happens to the electrons in the in stage 3
They are high energy electrons that are passed along the electron transport chain, a series of carrier protiens on the inner surface of the mitochondria membrane
114
Do the High energy electrons stay high energy
They provide the enegery to pump the Hydrogen ions across the membrane meaning they become low energy
115
How is the ATP generated in stage 3
When the Hydrogen ion flow back across through the membrane protien in ATP synthase
116
What happens to produce the energy in stage 3
ADP +Pi -> ATP
117
What is the ATP made by
The enzyme ATP synthase
118
Where does Fermentation take place
In the cytoplasm
119
Why does fermentation happen
When their is no oxygen
120
What does fermentation produce
A small amount of ATP
121
In animal cells what is pyruvate converted
Lactate
122
Is fermentation in animal cells a reversible reaction or not
Is it a reversible reaction
123
What is pyruvate converted to in fermentation in plant and yeast cells
Ethanol and CO2
124
Is fermentation in plant and yeast cells a reversible reaction or not
It is irreversible
125
Is fermentation in plant and yeast cells a reversible reaction or not
It is irreversible
