Unit 1 Key Area 4 Celluar Differentiation And Key Area 5 Structure Of The Genome

Question 1

What is cellular differentiation

Answer 1

It is the process by which a cell expresses a certain gene in order to produce proteins characteristics for that cell type

Question 2

What are stem cells

Answer 2

They are unspecialsed cells in animals that can divide and or differentiate

Question 3

Two types of stem cells

Answer 3

Embryonic
Tissue

Question 4

What genes do stem cells have switched on

Answer 4

All genes switched on

Question 5

Do special cells have all the genes or only the ones they need

Answer 5

All genes

Question 6

So specialised cells have all the gene switched on

Answer 6

No only the one they require at the time

Question 7

Why do specialised cells have some genes switched off

Answer 7

So that they dont waste engery

Question 8

What can embryonic stems cell differentiate too

Answer 8

All type of cells that make up the organism

Question 9

Embryonic cells are referred to as

Answer 9

Pluripotent

Question 10

What are tissue stem cells involved in

Answer 10

Growth, repair and renewal

Question 11

What cab tissue stem cells differentiate too

Answer 11

All cell types found in a particular tissue

Question 12

Advantage and disadvantage of embryonic stem cells

Answer 12

Ad- can be differentiated unto any type of cell
Dis- involves killing an embryo

Question 13

Advantage and disadvantage of tissue cells

Answer 13

Ad - they can be accessed easily as they can be taken from tissue
Dis- they can only used for their specialised tissue limiting their capability

Question 14

Advantage and disadvantage of tissue cells

Answer 14

Ad - they can be accessed easily as they can be taken from tissue
Dis- they can only used for their specialised tissue limiting their capability

Question 15

What are tissue cells reffered to as

Answer 15

Multipotent

Question 16

What are tissue cells reffered to as

Answer 16

Multipotent

Question 17

What does therapeutic use of stem cells

Answer 17

It involves the repair of damaged or diseased organs and tissues

Question 18

What does therapeutic use of stem cells

Answer 18

It involves the repair of damaged or diseased organs and tissues

Question 19

Example of therapeutic uses of stem cells

Answer 19

Corneal repair
Regeneration of damaged skin
Skin grafting

Question 20

How can stem cells be used in research

Answer 20

Used as models cells yo study how diseased develop or xan be used for drugs testing

Question 21

How can stem cells renew In research

Answer 21

Under the right conditions in the lab

Question 22

What does the stem cell research allow us to know

Answer 22

How cell growth, differentiate and gene regulation work

Question 23

What is the ethical issues with stem cells

Answer 23

It involves the distraction of an embryo

Question 24

What is the ethical issues with stem cells

Answer 24

It involves the distraction of an embryo

Question 25

What are meri stem

Answer 25

They are regions of unspealsied cells in plants that can divide and or differentiate

Question 26

Where are apical mertistem cells found and what o they give rise too

Answer 26

In the root and shoot tip Length and height

Question 27

Where are apical mertistem cells found and what o they give rise too

Answer 27

In the root and shoot tip

Question 28

What do apical mertistem give rise too

Answer 28

Highet/length

Question 29

Where are the lateral found

Answer 29

In the vascular region between the xylem and phloem

Question 30

What do lateral mertistem give rise too

Answer 30

Thickening

Question 31

Write notes on stem cells

Answer 31

- unspealised cells - have the potential to divide and or differentiate embryonic stem cells have the potential to divide or differentiate into any type of cell. They are known as pluripotent. They have all genes within them but they have them all switched on so that they can become any type of cell Tissue cells are involved in the growth repair and renewal of cells. They can only differentiate into the particular type of tissue cell that they came from. Tissue stem cells have gene switched on to produce protien characteristics for that cell type

Question 32

Write notes on the uses of stem cells

Answer 32

Stem cells are used in therapeutic uses, research and ethical issues. Therapeutic stem cells are used the the repair of damaged or diseased organs and tissues. Examples of this could be skin grafting or repairing of the cornea Research in stem cells using a model cells to study how diseases develop in a cells and are used for drug testing. It provides us with information in growth, differentiation and renewal of cells. Under the right conditions embryonic stem cells can divide and br cultured in a lab. In terms of ethical issues embryonic stem cells are involved the destruction in potential life.

Question 33

What is the genome

Answer 33

It is the organisms entire heredity information encoded in DNA

Question 34

What does the genome make up

Answer 34

Made up of genes and other DNA sequences that do not code for protiens

Question 35

What are genes

Answer 35

They are areas of the DNA sequence that codes for proteins

Question 36

What are the roles of the DNA sequence that do not code for protiens

Answer 36

They regulate transcription They are transcript but never translated- turn into RNA

Question 37

What does the non translated non coding do

Answer 37

They are covered into RNA and brought to the Ribosome

Question 38

Describe how how stem cells develop their specialised funtions

Answer 38

They express gene for that characteristic of that cell type