Unit 3 Key Area 3&4 Flashcards
1
Q
What is a mono culture
A
It is the agricultural practice of producing or growing one single crop in a wide area
2
Q
What is a disadvantage of the monoculture
A
In these conditions weeds can compete with crop space light water and nutrients. Pests ans diseases populations can also multiply rapidly. This will reduce productivity
3
Q
Definition of annual
A
Growth from seed and disperse seeds jn one year
4
Q
Definition for perennial
A
Lives for more than 2 years will generally die back over winter and grow in spring
5
Q
What are the properties of a annual plant
A
Rapid growth
Short life cycle
High speed output
Long-term speed viability
6
Q
What is the properties of perennials
A
Storage organs
Vegetative reproduction (asexaul)
7
Q
Example of annual plant
A
Chickweed
8
Q
Example of perennial plant
A
Dandelion
9
Q
Example of pests
A
Invertebrates
Insects
Nematodes worms
Molluscs
Slugs/snails
Ants
10
Q
What are plant disease can be caused by whaf
A
Bacteria fungi virus
11
Q
What are plant diseases are normally carries by
A
Invertebrates
12
Q
How can you control weed, pest and diseases
A
By cultural means
13
Q
Name 3 farming methods
A
Crop rotation
Ploughing
Removal of weeds
14
Q
What is crop rotation
A
Process of growing different crops one after the other on the same piece of ground over several growing seasons
15
Q
What is ploughing
A
Turning and loosening the top layer of soil and burying weeds pepper understand leading to them dieing and decomposing
16
Q
What is removal of weeds
A
The removal of weeds from the soil reducing the competition with the crop plants. This should be done as early as possible
17
Q
Are the 3 methods of farming preventative or curative
A
Preventative
18
Q
What do pesticides provide you with
A
A cost effective way of improving yeild and quality of crops
19
Q
What are the type different names of chemicals
A
Selective or systemic
20
Q
What are the different forms of chemicals
A
Herbicides
Fungicide
Insecticides
Molluscisioes
Nematicides
21
Q
Systemic herbicides work by
A
Spreading through the vascular system of plant preventing any regrowth
22
Q
Selective herbicides work by
A
A greater effect on specific plant species such as brand leavesd weeds
23
Q
Application of fungicide
A
Apply these before the decease effects the plant instead of after to treat the plant
24
Q
Systemic insectides molluscicdes and nemacdies
A
Speed through the vascular system of plants and kills the pest rhaf feed kn the plant
25
26
Definition of toxicity
How much the chemical kills
27
Potential impact of toxicity
Some organisms in the ecosystem may be killed and so their is a knock on effect on the food Web
28
Persistence definition
How long a chemical remains / how long it takes to be broken down
29
Potential impact of persistence
A high persistence chemical will remain for a long time so if you add more it will build up
30
Bioaccumlation definition
The build up of pesticides within an organism
31
The potential impact of bioacculuamtion
Chemicals can build up to be toxic levels over time
32
Biomagnification potential impact
Animals further along the food chain may have toxic levels of the chemicals
33
34
Biomagnification definition
An increase in pesticides concentration going from one trophies level to the next in a food chain
35
Resistant populations definition
Population that is no longer killed by the chemical
36
Resistant populations potential impact
Chemical will become useless in the management of particular pest/disease
37
38
What us biological control
Involves the introduction of biological agent which could be a predator or parasite or pathogen of the pest
39
What does integrated pest management combine
Chemical, biological and cultural control
40
What are the risks which biological control
Control agent doesn't kill pests
Predator may beocme a problem in environment
Predator could've kn to different environmental
Control agent might cause crop damage or eachother native plant
41
42
What are the 3 good environmental conditions
Costs, benefit ethics
43
Costs
Using money to give animal improved environmental conditions
44
Benefits
Content animal grow better, breed more successfully and generate higher quality products
45
Ethics
Moral value and rule to ensure humans are allowing animals to live without harm and neglect
46
What are the benefits of improved farming welfare
It normally means higher costs. But long term will be reduced stress improve fertility and higher quality products
47
Why is intensive farming less ethical than the free range farming
Because intensive has poorer animal welfare
48
What does free range require
More land
Products can be sold at a higher price
Animals have a better quality of life
49
Intensive farming land labour selling price and animal welfare
Small land
Low-level labour
Low selling price but greater profit
Low quality of life
50
Free range farming land labour selling price and animal welfare
Larger land area
Higher level of labour
Higher selling point for better quality
Higher quality of life
51
What are the behavioural indicators
Stereotypy
Misdirected behaviour
Failure in sexual behaviour
Failure in parenting behaviour
Altered level of activity apathy and hysteria
52
Stereotypy behaviour indicator
An animal shows repetitive behaviour that display distress in an enclosure
Examples
Pacing up and down
Biting objects
Excessive grooming
53
Misdirected behaviour
Animal behaviour is directed inappropriate usually onto the animal itself. The surrounding or others.
Example
Birds over plucking their feathers
54
Failure in sexual behaviour
Animal stops undergoing mating behaviour or stop physically bring able to mate
55
Failure in parenting behaviour
Animals fail undergo parental responsibility
- abandoning their young
- aggressive to their young
- stealing young from other females
56
Altered levels apathy
Low level is where the animal lies sit or stands in some positions for prolonged periods of time
57
Altered levels
Very high is where the animal moves about alot more or ses to be easily alarmed or I'm a state ot panic
58
What does symbiosis mean
A co-evolved relationship between two different species
59
Two types of symbiosis
Parasitsm
Mutualism
60
What does parasitism mean
One benefit and one is harmed.
And they have a limited metabolism dependence
61
Example of parasitsm
Tapeworms
Mosquit
Aphids
Malaria parasite
62
Mutualism definition
Both organisms benefits
63
What is a parasite
Derives it's nutrition from another organism
64
What happens the host of the parasite
Harmed it at least loses some energy
65
Can parasites live without a host
They have a limited metabolism and cannot survive without a host
66
Methods of parasite transmission
Direct contact
Resistant stages
Vectors
67
What does direct contact mean
When the parasite goes from host to host when physically close
68
Resistant stages
Allows to survive in extreme conditions
69
Vector
Something else carries the diseases between the infected individual and new hosts
70
Secondary host means
A host that the parasite uses for a short time to allow them to complete their life cycle
71
Mutualism relationship is when
They both benefit from the interdependent relationship
72
Example of mutualism relationship
Bees pollinate the plants by spreading pollen.
The plant provides nectar, which is a food source for bees
73
Exmaples of social defence
Flock of birds
74
What are the benefits of social defence
Safety in numbers to avoid attack
Weaker and younger members have greater chance of survival
75
What is altruism
Is where the donor is harmed by giving to the recipient
76
Reciprocal altruism means
An individual gives in the expectation of return from the recipient
77
What is an exmaple of altruism
Wolves which bring back meat to members of the group who were not present at the kill
78
What is am example of reciprocal altruism
Grooming in primates.
Individual will expend time and energy grooming another member of the group in expection that the favour will be returned in the future.
79
What is kin selection
Is the evolutionary strategy that favours the reproductive success of an organisms relative even at the cost to the organisms own survival and reproduction.
80
What is kin altruism
Is the altruistic behaviour whose evolution is driven by kin selection
81
What are the advantages of kin selection
Increased access to food
Increase chance of shared genes ot alleles being passed on.
82
Explain the theory behind altruism if linked to relatedness
The close the relationship the greater the shared number of genes is. Increasing the chnace of survival of the related individual increases the chnace of the shared genes getting passed on
83
What are social insects
They are insects which exhibit social behaviour ls whixh mean that they live together in large organised family's groups and exhbit a range of complex behaviours
84
Example of social insects
Bees
Ants
85
Eusociality
Most individuals are sterile
86
In social insects which can reproduce
Only queen and drones
87
What are the roles of social insects
Defending the hive
Collecting pollen and nectar
Waggle dance to tell others workers the direction and distance of food
88
What does the waggle dance tell usv
The direction and distance of food
89
90
What is the benefit to the sterile workers of raising their relative
As the bees in a hive they are all related this will increase the survival of shared genes
91
What are primates
They are mammals that have a long period of parental care to allow learning of complex social behaviour
92
Example of primates
Monkeys
Apes
Humans
93
What are the behaviours of primates
Complex social behaviour support the social hierarchy which Is a rank order
Reduces conflict through threat of ritualistic display and appeasement behaviour
Form alliances between individuals, which are used to increase social status within the group
94
95
What do primates use to get a mate
Threat displays
96
What do threat displays work
They make themselves look larger and fiercer
97
What do appeasement behaviour look like
Consists of a submissive display that is the revrs3 of the threat ritual
98
What does the body look like when appeasing
Smaller, flatter, motionless and even vulnerable parts exposed
99
What are the main complex social behaviours
Grooming
Facial expressions
Body posture
Sexual presentation
100
What is grooming
Primates use grooming to reduce tension within the group. One animal picks plant material, please and scabs fr the fur of another animals
101
Explain facial expressions
It shows the acceptance of dominance by closing its eyes. It can be done by closing lips and rapidly making a GENTLE slapping noise.
102
Explain body posture
Subordinate males greet a dominant male in a servile manner by blowing and looking up towards him
103
Explain sexual presentation
Female use a sexual approach to appease a dominant male by offering their rumps for sniffing and possible mounting.
104
What are the 3 types of social group behaviours
Social hierarchy
Cooperative hunting
Social defence
105
What is social hierarchy
Individuals have a rank within the groups
106
What do social hierarchies increase the chnace of
Dominant animals favourable genes bring passed on to offspring
107
Why do animals form alliances in social hierarchies
To increase their social status within group
108
Example of animals that use social hierarchy
Wolves
Gorilla
Chicken
109
What are the benefits of social hierarchy
Limits violence within the group
Safety in larger groups
Can hunt more effectively
Weaker and younger animals can be cared for
110
What is cooperative hunting
Animals that hunt together
111
Example of animals thaf use cooperative hunting
Lions wolves
112
What are the benefits of cooperative hunting
More successful hunting
Larger prey caught
Less energy used
More food obtained
113
