Unit 2 lecture 2 9/21/22

Question 1

The totality of an organism’s chemical reactions is called ______

Answer 1

Metabolism

Question 2

A _________ for a particular molecule/compound describes the series of steps involved in that transition

Answer 2

Metabolic path

Question 3

Metabolic pathways can be classified into 2 categories:
1._____
2._____

Answer 3

1.Catabolic pathways
2.Anabolic pathways

Question 4

______ pathways break compounds down, generally releasing energy

Answer 4

Catabolic

Question 5

_______ pathways typically consume energy to build larger compounds

Answer 5

Anabolic

Question 6

We will define ______ as the capacity to cause change

Answer 6

Energy

Question 7

The study of how energy transformation occurs in relation to matter is called _______

Answer 7

Thermodynamics

Question 8

The First law states that the amount of energy in the universe is constant, and so ____________

Answer 8

cannot be created or destroyed

Question 9

The 2nd law states that every transfer or transformation of energy increases the ________ of the universe

Answer 9

entropy

Question 10

________ is a measure of molecular disorder

Answer 10

entropy

Question 11

______ is defined as the amount of energy available to perform work in systems, measured through the gibs equation: ΔG = Gfinal state - Ginitial state

Answer 11

Free energy

Question 12

Some reactions occur ________, meaning the are energetically favorable and so will occur with no energy input

Answer 12

Spontaneously

Question 13

Reactions which proceed with a net release of free energy are referred to as ________

Answer 13

exergonic reactions

Question 14

______ are those which absorb free energy from the surrounding system

Answer 14

Endergonic

Question 15

_______ is the pushing of endergonic reactions that would not occur spontaneously, Ex: polymer synthesis

Answer 15

Chemical work

Question 16

_______ involves the pumping of substances across membranes against the direction of spontaneous movement, Ex: Sodium-potassium pumps

Answer 16

Transport work

Question 17

________ involves the physical movement of the organism and cellular components, Ex: transport proteins

Answer 17

Mechanical work

Question 18

Cells manage energy resources through _______, where an exergonic process is used to drive and endergonic one

Answer 18

Energy coupling

Question 19

______ is the molecule primarily responsible for mediating the couplings

Answer 19

ATP

Question 20

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contains the 5-carbon sugar Ribose, and the nitrogenous base _____

Answer 20

adenine

Question 21

ATP, most importantly, it has a chain of ______ attached to the sugar

Answer 21

phosphate groups

Question 22

ATP is basically a ______, except that it has 2 extra phosphate groups

Answer 22

Nucleotide

Question 23

Energy is released from hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate group, turning ATP to ________ spontaneously

Answer 23

ADP (adenosine diphosphate)

Question 24

It is the coupling of the phosphate group to another molecule, a process known as ______ that results in the formation of a phosphorylated intermediate

Answer 24

phosphorylation

Question 25

_______ are chemical agents that speed up chemical reactions, without being consumed themselves

Answer 25

Catalysts

Question 26

______ are biological catalysts, and are generally proteins and work to lower the activation energy of chemical reactions and they themselves do not change shape

Answer 26

Enzymes

Question 27

______ is the initial investment of energy required to contort the reactant molecules so the bonds can break

Answer 27

Activation energy

Question 28

Reactants whose reactions are accelerated by enzymatic catalysis are referred to as __________

Answer 28

substrates

Question 29

Enzymes bind to substrates, forming the __________, From this complex, the products are formed and released, allowing the enzyme to bind more substrate

Answer 29

enzyme substrate complex

Question 30

The specific portion of an enzyme to which substrates bind is called the ______

Answer 30

active site

Question 31

________ bring more reactive portions of molecules into alignment by stressing the substrate molecules to facilitate a change in bonds

Answer 31

Enzymes

Question 32

Enzymes generally target the _____ and ______

Answer 32

1.Hydrogen 2.Ionic bonds

Question 33

Many enzymes are dependent on other, non-protein compounds to properly function called _______ these may be loosely or tightly associated with the enzyme and help facilitate processes

Answer 33

Cofactors

Question 34

Organic cofactors are referred to as ______

Answer 34

coenzymes

Question 35

________ block the active site of an enzyme such that it cannot bind the substrate

Answer 35

Competitive inhibitors

Question 36

________ bind to another part of the enzyme, causing a change in shape

Answer 36

Noncompetitive inhibitors

Question 37

Enzymes must be controlled in their catalytic activities This may be achieved by changing ______ such that they are not produced

Answer 37

gene expression

Question 38

Enzymes can also be ______ by controlling the activity of already present enzymes

Answer 38

regulated

Question 39

_______ is any case in which a protein’s function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a separate site which may result in either inhibition or stimulation

Answer 39

Allosteric regulation

Question 40

_______ loop is a metabolic pathway which is halted by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway

Answer 40

Feedback inhibition