Unit 4 Lecture 1 11/2/22

Question 1

The information content of genes is in the form of specific _________ in DNA

Answer 1

sequences of nucleotides

Question 2

The DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific traits by dictating the _________

Answer 2

synthesis of proteins

Question 3

Proteins are the links between _________ and _________

Answer 3

genotype
phenotype

Question 4

_________, the process by which DNA directs protein synthesis, includes two stages: _________ and _________

Answer 4

Gene expression
transcription
translation

Question 5

In 1902, British physician _________ first suggested that genes dictate phenotypes through _________ that catalyze specific chemical reactions

Answer 5

Archibald Garrod
enzymes

Question 6

_________ and _________ disabled genes in bread mold one by one and looked for phenotypic changes

Answer 6

George Beadle
Edward Tatum

Question 7

The researchers amassed a valuable collection of _________ mutant strains, catalogued by their defects

Answer 7

Nuerospora

Question 8

For example, one set of mutants all required _________ for growth

Answer 8

Arginine

Question 9

Some proteins are not enzymes, so researchers later revised the __________________ hypothesis: __________________

Answer 9

one gene-one enzyme
one gene-one protein

Question 10

Many proteins are composed of several _________, each of which has its own _________

Answer 10

polypeptides
gene

Question 11

_________ is the bridge between DNA and protein synthesis

Answer 11

RNA

Question 12

RNA is chemically similar to DNA, but RNA has a _________ and the base _________ rather than _________

Answer 12

Ribose sugar
Uracil (U)
Thymine (T)

Question 13

RNA is usually _________

Answer 13

single stranded

Question 14

Getting from DNA to protein requires two stages: _________ and _________

Answer 14

Transcription
Translation

Question 15

_________ is the synthesis of _________ using information in _________

Answer 15

Transcription
RNA
DNA

Question 16

Transcription produces __________________

Answer 16

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 17

_________ is the synthesis of a polypeptide, using information in the mRNA

Answer 17

Translation

Question 18

_________ are the sites of translation

Answer 18

Ribosomes

Question 19

In _________, _________ of mRNA can begin before _________ has finished

Answer 19

Prokaryotes
Translation
Transcription

Question 20

In _________, the _________ separates transcription from translation

Answer 20

Eukaryotes
nuclear envelope

Question 21

_________ RNA transcripts are modified through _________ to yield the finished _________

Answer 21

Eukaryoitc
RNA Processing
mRNA

Question 22

Eukaryotic mRNA must be _________ out of the _________ to be translated

Answer 22

Transported
Nucleus

Question 23

A _________ is the initial RNA transcript from any gene prior to processing

Answer 23

Primary transcript

Question 24

The _________ is the concept that cells are governed by a cellular chain of command (_________ -> _________ -> _________)

Answer 24

Central Dogma
DNA -> RNA -> Protein

Question 25

There are _________, but there are only four nucleotide bases in DNA

Answer 25

20 Amino acids

Question 26

How many _________ correspond to an _________?

Answer 26

Nucleotides Amino acids

Question 27

The flow of information from gene to protein is based on a _________ : a series of nonoverlapping, three-nucleotide sequences

Answer 27

Triplet code

Question 28

Sequences of a gene are transcribed into complementary nonoverlapping three-nucleotide sequence of _________

Answer 28

mRNA

Question 29

These sequences are then translated into a chain of _________, forming a _________

Answer 29

Amino acids Polypeptide

Question 30

During _________, one of the two DNA strands, called the _________, provides a template for ordering the sequence of complementary nucleotides in an RNA transcript

Answer 30

Transcription Template strand

Question 31

The template strand is __________________ strand for any given gene

Answer 31

always the same

Question 32

During translation, the mRNA base triplets, called _________, are read in the 5′ to 3′ direction

Answer 32

Codons

Question 33

Each codon specifies the _________ (one of 20) to be placed at the corresponding position along a polypeptide

Answer 33

Amino acid

Question 34

All _________ codons were deciphered by the mid-1960s

Answer 34

64

Question 35

Of the 64 triplets, _________ code for _________; 3 triplets are _________ signals to end translation

Answer 35

61 amino acids "stop"

Question 36

The genetic code is _________ : more than one codon may specify a particular amino acid

Answer 36

Redundant

Question 37

But it is not _________ : no codon specifies more than one amino acid

Answer 37

Ambiguous

Question 38

_________ must be read in the correct _________(correct groupings) in order for the specified polypeptide to be produced

Answer 38

Codons Reading frame

Question 39

Codons are read __________________ in a _________ fashion

Answer 39

One at a time nonoverlapping

Question 40

The _________ is _________, shared by the simplest bacteria and the most complex animals

Answer 40

Genetic code Universal

Question 41

_________ is catalyzed by _________, which pries the DNA strands apart and joins together the RNA nucleotides

Answer 41

RNA synthesis RNA polymerase

Question 42

_________ assemble polynucleotides in the _________ direction

Answer 42

RNA polymerases 5' to 3'

Question 43

Unlike _________, _________ can start a chain without a primer

Answer 43

DNA polymerase RNA polymerases

Question 44

The _________ where _________ attaches is called the _________; in _________, the sequence signaling the end of transcription is called the _________

Answer 44

Dna sequence Rna polymerase promoter bacteria terminator

Question 45

The stretch of DNA that is transcribed is called a _________

Answer 45

transcription unit

Question 46

The three stages of _________ : _________ _________ _________

Answer 46

Transcription initiation elongation termination

Question 47

_________ signal the transcriptional start point and usually extend several dozen nucleotide pairs upstream of the start point

Answer 47

Promoters

Question 48

__________________ mediate the binding of _________ and the initiation of _________

Answer 48

Transcription factors RNA polymerase transcription

Question 49

The completed assembly of transcription factors and _________ bound to a _________ is called a _________________

Question 50

A promoter called a _________ is crucial in forming the initiation complex in eukaryotes

Answer 50

tata box

Question 51

As _________ moves along the _________, it untwists the double helix, _________ at a time

Answer 51

RNA polymerase DNA 10 to 20 bases

Question 52

Transcription progresses at a rate of __________________ in eukaryotes

Answer 52

40 nucleotides per second

Question 53

A gene can be transcribed simultaneously by several _________

Answer 53

RNA polymerase

Question 54

The mechanisms of _________ are different in _________ and _________

Answer 54

Termination bacteria eukaryotes

Question 55

In _________, the _________ stops transcription at the end of the terminator and the _________ can be translated without further modification

Answer 55

Bacteria polymerase mRNA

Question 56

In _________, _________ transcribes the _________ signal sequence; the RNA transcript is released _________ past this __________________

Answer 56

eukaryotes RNA polymerase 2 polyadenylatoin 10 -35 nucleotides polyanlenylation squared