Unit 2 Mini Case Studies

Question 1

What caused larger families in Britain in 2000-2015?

Answer 1

Migrants

Question 2

Does China have a balanced or imbalanced sex ratio

Answer 2

Imbalanced - more boys than girls

Question 3

Singapore pro-natalist

Answer 3

In 1987, pro-natalist policies were introduced in Singapore because birth rates had fallen to 1.4 children. The government wanted educated couples with good jobs to have children, not uneducated citizens who would need welfare aid if they had large families. Mothers with a 3rd or 4th child often gets financial benefits. If she hd 3 O-level passes in 1 sitting, she qualifies for an enhanced child benefit. Families with more than 2 children get priority schools and houses. There are subsidies for each child in a government-run or government-approved childcare centre. Hospital costs of a 3rd child are reduced. Abortion of convenience are discouraged. Women undergoing sterilisation with less than 3 children get compulsory counselling. A tax rebate is given to mothers with a 2nd child before 28. This Singapore policy has had limited affect so far. Majority of women are well educated, have good jobs and devote their early lives to careers and leisure. The ferility rate is still low at 1.25.

Question 4

What are 3 countries with the highest birth rates?

Answer 4

Chad
Niger
Mali

Question 5

What are 3 countries with the highest death rates?

Answer 5

Central African Republic
Latvia
Bulgaria

Question 6

Bangladesh child mortality

Answer 6

Fell from 144 in 1990 to 41 in 2012

Question 7

Average life expectancy for black v.s white men in the USA

Answer 7

72.2 for black men
76.6 for white men

Question 8

19th century Britain death rates in cities

Answer 8

Death rates were higher in cities because of the greater prevalence of infectious diseases; rural areas had cleaner air and greater access to food

Question 9

USA women v.s men life expectancy

Answer 9

White females : 81.3
White males : 76.6

Question 10

WWII impact on Soviet Union

Answer 10

24 million people were killed in the Soviet Union which was 14% of the 1939 population. A high proportion of these were men so the impact on the demography of the country was significant

Question 11

Zimbabwe population pyramid

Answer 11

Typical for an LIC
High death rate
High birth rate
More females than males post-reproductive
Relatively low life expectancy
Increasing birth rate
Over 0.5% more females than males in each category (men immigrate)

Question 12

Brunei population pyramid

Answer 12

Fewer people in each 5-year group over 50 than under 50
This is despite birth rates higher when the older people were born (40-80 years ago)
Could be because people died-death rate was higher in the past
Could also be due to migration into the country of younger people in the last 40 years
1/3 of the workforce in Brunei is foreign-born so it will be a combination of these factors

Question 13

China population pyramid

Answer 13

Fewer people aged 50-59 due to a fall in birth rates during ‘The Great Leap Forward’ period (1958-1961) when the communist government began forced industrialisation and private farms became state collectives. Farm yields fell causing famines (estimated 30 million died). Infant mortality rates rose, birth rates fell
Rise in people 40-49. The Great Leap Forward was abandoned and birth rates rose to normal levels
Fewer people 30-39 due to the 1-child policy introduced in 1979
More people 20-29. The people born after The Great Leap Forward now had children
Fall in people 0-19. Due to 1-child policy. Number of people 0-4 shows a slight rise, reflecting a relaxation in the policy since 2000

Question 14

USA population pyramid

Answer 14

Little variation in birth or immigration rates between 1956 and 2015 (age 0-59)
After 59 people begin to die
Small 60-69 bar shows a low birth rate during WWII
More elderly women than men

Question 15

Japan population pyramid

Answer 15

Large numbers of people 65-69. Born between 1948 and 1952. Represents a baby boom after WWII because people delayed having children during the war.
20-30 years later the same people (1948-1952 births) had children producing more 40-49 year olds
Low birth rate in recent years and a large number of old people

Question 16

What country was the DTM based on?

Answer 16

England from 1700 onwards

Question 17

Disease in Europe in Stage 1 on the DTM

Answer 17

The Black Death wiped out 1/3 of Europe’s population in the 14th century

Question 18

Where was cotton imported from in stage 2 of the DTM?

Answer 18

America, Egypt and India

Question 19

John Snow’s research

Answer 19

Showed the link between a polluted well in Soho and cholera victims

Question 20

Where was grain imported from after the agricultural revolution?

Answer 20

North America

Question 21

When was economic austerity in stage 4 of the DTM?

Answer 21

1930’s

Question 22

When was economic boom in stage 4 of the DTM?

Answer 22

1960’s

Question 23

When did a lot of immigrant families arrive in England in stage 5 of the DTM?

Answer 23

2000-2010. Many of these went to work in London so birth rate in London was especially high

Question 24

France and stage 2 of the DTM

Answer 24

France had no stage 2. Birth rate fell earlier than in England because under the 1804 Napoleonic Code when parents died their land had to be divided amongst all children; individual plots would be too small to be useful if people had a lot of children

Question 25

Italy and stage 2 of the DTM

Answer 25

Italy had a long stage 2. Most people were Catholic where abortion and contraception were banned. In the 1930's the fascist government encouraged families to have many children

Question 26

Sri Lanka death rates

Answer 26

In Sri Lanka death rate fell 34% between 1946 and 1947 because spraying coastal areas with DDT eliminated malaria-carrying mosquitos

Question 27

The difference between birth rate in England and African countries

Answer 27

In England it was 33 out of 1000 in 1720 but in some African countries today it is over 40 per 1000

Question 28

Natural increase rate in England and Africa

Answer 28

Highest level of natural increase was less than 2% in England and the natural increase rate for Africa is 2.5% (Uganda was 3.4%)

Question 29

England's population and other MIC's/LIC's

Answer 29

When England went through stange 2 the population was small (20m) but in China = 1360m, India = 1300m and Indonesia = 260m

Question 30

England migration in the 19th century

Answer 30

Excess population of England in the 19th century to North America, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa

Question 31

Alternatives to the DTM

Answer 31

The Czech demographer Pavlik recognised different pattern occurring in France, Japan and Mexico In France, birth rates fell at the same time as death rates In Japan and Mexico, birth rates increased as death rates fell due to the improved health of women of childbearing age

Question 32

Countries with the highest proportion of the population over 15 years old

Answer 32

Niger: 49% Central African Republic: 48% Chad: 48% Congo: 47% Somalia: 47%

Question 33

Continents with the highest proportion of the population over 15 years old

Answer 33

World: 26% Africa: 41% Latin America: 27% North America: 19% Asia: 26% Europe: 16% Oceania: 24%

Question 34

Facts about the Gambia

Answer 34

Smallest country in Africa Agriculture is the main source of income Mainly Muslim 50 miles of coastline Tourism provides over 16% of GDP

Question 35

Problems with the Gambia large youthful population

Answer 35

Has a young and fast-growing population which puts pressure on resources 95% of the population is Muslim and until recently religious leaders were against the use of contraception. Cultural tradition meant women had little influence on family size In 2012, infant mortality was 70/1000 with 44% of the population being young dependents and only 2% elderly dependents. Dependency ratio is 85 Many parents struggle to provide basic housing for their families. Lots of overcrowding and lack of sanitation with many children sharing the same bed Underemployment and unemployment rates are high and wages are low with parents struggling to provide basic needs for large families Many schools are a 2-shift system with 1 group of children attending in the morning and a different group in the afternoon Lots of trees are chopped down for firewood so desertification is increasing rapidly

Question 36

Causes of the youthful population in The Gambia

Answer 36

Children were viewed as an economic asset because of help with crop production and tending animals. 1 in 3 children aged 10-14 are working

Question 37

Responses to the youthful population problem in The Gambia

Answer 37

The government has recently introduced family planning, accepted by religious leaders Family planning programmes have limited success with fertility rate falling from 6.1 in 1970 to 5.6 in 2013

Question 38

Where are the countries with higher than average birth rates?

Answer 38

Mainly in central Africa, Afghanistan and a few countries in the Middle East such as Pakistan and Iran

Question 39

Where are the countries with the lowest birth rates?

Answer 39

Europe, North America, Australia, most of South America and some of East Asis

Question 40

Variations in population over 65

Answer 40

World = 65% Africa = 4% North America = 14% Latin America = 7% Asia = 7% Europe = 17% Oceania = 11%

Question 41

USA's elderly population

Answer 41

4% if the USA's population was over 65 in 1900. By 1995 whis was 12.8% and by 2030, 1 in 5 will be senior citizens

Question 42

French women's remaining life expectancy

Answer 42

In 2005, 30 years lived meant another 54.4 remaining years In 1952, 30 years lived mean 44.7 remaining years

Question 43

Japan's ageing population facts

Answer 43

Has the most rapidly ageing population in the world 33% of people are over 60 Median age of 46 Population peaked between 2005 and 2010 at 128 million. Predictions are a decline of 50 million by the end of the century Fertility rate has extremely declined to 1.4 13% of the population is under 15 which is the lowest of any country

Question 44

Japan's ageing workforce

Answer 44

Workforce peaked at 67.9 million in 1998 and has been in decline since. Puts an economic burden on the existing workforce. High labour-force participation rate among elderly. Men on average work 5 years after mandatory retirement

Question 45

Japan's attitude towards the elderly

Answer 45

Positive attitude. Have a public holiday to respect the elderly. Many are looked after by their families but the number in care homes or welfare facilities is rising. Cost of care is shared by the person, their family and the government. Puts pressure on the economy

Question 46

Foreigners in Japan

Answer 46

There is competition to recruit young workers. Expanding immigration to reduce the dependency ratio is unacceptable in Japan. Foreigners make up 1% of the labour force

Question 47

Projections for Japan's elderly population and responses to it

Answer 47

By 2045 for every Japanese aged 20-64 there will be 3 over 65. Pension reforms have been implemented as well as later retirement and higher contribution from employers

Question 48

Facts about global life expectancy

Answer 48

Global average life expectancy rose from 46 in 1950 to 71 in 2014. 76 by 2050 In LIC's. the population over 60 is expected to quadruple between 2000 and 2050 In HIC's the number of old people outnumbered the number of children for the first time in 1998 By 2050 the number of elderly to the number of children will be 2:1 The population over 80 was 69 million in 2005, will be 375 million by 2050 Europe is the oldest region Japan is the oldest nation Africa is the youngest region with 41% of the total under 15 population. 28% by 2050

Question 49

Singapore disadvantaged in development avoidance

Answer 49

Singapore is a rich, non-agricultural country which has avoided developing more slowly due to its tropical conditions that make farming hard and put people at greater risk of sickness

Question 50

Top 5 countries for the HDI

Answer 50

Switzerland = 0.96 Norway = 0.96 Iceland = 0.96 Hong Kong = 9.95 Australia = 0.95

Question 51

Which country has the lowest life expectancy in 2019?

Answer 51

Central African Republic at 53

Question 52

How many people have food security globally?

Answer 52

5.7 billion

Question 53

How many people have moderate to severe food insecurity globally?

Answer 53

2 billion

Question 54

How many people have severe food insecurity globally

Answer 54

750 million

Question 55

2023 causes of hunger

Answer 55

Conflict- 70% of the hungry are in areas affected by war (especially Ukraine) WFP's monthly operating costs are $73.6 million above 2019 (44% rise). These operating costs would have fed 4 million for 1 month

Question 56

Countries most affected by hunger

Answer 56

Central American Dry Corridor, Haiti, Sahel, Central African Republic, South Sudan, Syria, Yemen and Afghanistan due to climate shocks and conflict Somalia just managed to stay out of famine When WFP ran out of funds to feed Syrian refugees in 2015, there was one of the greatest refugee crises in European history

Question 57

What needs to and has happen to mitigate famine?

Answer 57

In 4 years, 158000 hectares of fields in Sahel region turned into farmland. 2.5 million people benefitted The WFP microinsurance program protect 360000 farming families from climate hazard in 14 countries including Bangladesh, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji and Guatemala WFP works with 83 governments to build nutrition-sensitive social protection Only political will can end conflict in places like Yemen, Ethiopia and South Sudan

Question 58

Where is expected to experience famine shortly?

Answer 58

129000 people in Burkina Faso, Mali, Somalia and South Sudan

Question 59

Sudan and South Sudan food supply

Answer 59

Sudan and South Sudan (a single country until 2011) have had food shortages. The civil war and drought have been the main reasons for famine. The civil war lasted over 20 years and was between the government in Khartoum and rebel forces in the West of Donfur and in what is now South Sudan. An issue between the 2 sides of the war was the sharing of oil wealth between the government in the North and the source in the South. 2 million people were displaces by the war and over 70000 died of hunger and disease. UN food programmes occasionally had to stop aid because it was too dangerous for workers.

Question 60

Physical factors of food shortages in Sudan and South Sudan

Answer 60

Decline of rainfall in the South Rainfall variability More use of marginal land causing degradation Flooding

Question 61

Social factors of food shortages in Sudan and South Sudan

Answer 61

High population growth of 3% leasing to overgrazing High female illiteracy of 65% Poor infant health Increased threat of AIDS

Question 62

Agricultural factors of food shortages in Sudan and South Sudan

Answer 62

Variable food production Static or falling crop yields Low and falling fertiliser use Lack of food surplus for use in a crisis

Question 63

Economic factors of food shortages in Sudan and South Sudan

Answer 63

High dependent on farming: 70% of workforce and 37% of GDP Dependency on food imports: 13% of consumption from 1998-2000 Limited access to markets Debt and repayments limit social and economic spending High military spending

Question 64

Short-term factors of food shortages in Sudan and South Sudan

Answer 64

Drought and conflict reducing food production and distribution

Question 65

What made the factors of food shortage sin Sudan and South Sudan worse?

Answer 65

Lack of government political will Slow donor response Limited access to famine areas Regional food shortages

Question 66

How was India involved in the Green Revolution

Answer 66

India was one of the first in the Green Revolution. High yielding variety seed programme in 1996-1997. Turning point for Indian agriculture. New hybrid varieties of wheat, rice, maize, sorghum and millet. All drought resistance except for rice, responsive to fertilisers and have a shorter growing time

Question 67

What LIC's are tropical storms the main hazards for?

Answer 67

Tropical storms are a hazard and impede development in LIC's such as Bangladesh, Central America and the Caribbeans

Question 68

Where is desertification reducing the agricultural potential of a country?

Answer 68

The Sahel region in Africa

Question 69

When and what happen during the main volcanic eruption in Monseratt?

Answer 69

The volcanic eruption occurs in 1995 and all people and resources in the South of the island had to be evacuated to the North

Question 70

What are the 5 countries with the largest ecoological footprint?

Answer 70

Qatar = 11.68 Kuwait = 9.72 UAE = 8.44 Denmark = 8.25 USA = 7.19

Question 71

What are the 5 countries with the smallest ecological footprint?

Answer 71

Palestine Timor Leste Afghanistan Haiti Eritrea

Question 72

Corn shortages in Brazil

Answer 72

Brazil has experienced a 0.9% population growth. They suffer from political crises and a recession. Its corn exports increased from 1 million tonnes in 2005 to 29 million in 2015 but they have recently over-exported increasing internal prices and since dry weather has badly affected production, so now in short supply and have to import from Paraguay, Argentina and the USA

Question 73

Corn shortages in Venezuela

Answer 73

Venezuela's oil-focused economy lacks diversity and imports most of its food. Declining fuel prices and unusual economic systems by the government means that domestic production fell and imports are expensive. The price of corn increased 900%. Many are forced to the black market or to illegally cross the boarder. Social unrest is evident but so is resourcefulness as the people seek alternative food

Question 74

Corn shortages in Zimbabwe

Answer 74

Corn feeds humans and animals in Zimbabwe. Poor governance, economic trouble and unreliable rain means they only produced 800000 of the 2.2 million tonnes needed to feed its population in 2014, having to import 150000 tonnes from South Africa while the number of people crossing into South Africa and Botswana for economic opportunities rose.

Question 75

India's population policy

Answer 75

India was the first LIC in 1952 to try and reduce birth rates. They did this through a government backed family planning programme. This included incentives for serializations, legalising abortions (1972) and increasing the minimum marriage age to 18

Question 76

Name 4 countries that have implemented pro-natalist policies

Answer 76

Japan Sweden Italy Russia

Question 77

Russia's pro-natalist policy

Answer 77

Population has dropped considerably since 1991 Alcoholism, AIDS, pollution and poverty are the main drivers for reduced life expectancy and fewer births In 2008 they began honouring families with 4+ children with a Parental Glory medal The government has urged Russians to have more children as a public duty

Question 78

How many people in Sub-Saharan Africa are undernourished?

Answer 78

1 in 4

Question 79

Famine in China and India

Answer 79

Millions died in the early 20th century. The last famine on this scale was in China from 1959-1961 and was caused by the communist government reorganising agriculture rather than a natural effect

Question 80

Large famines recently

Answer 80

1998 Sudan: caused by drought and war 1998-2000 Ethiopia: caused by drought and war with Eritrea 1998-2004 Democratic Republic of Congo: caused by war 2011-2012 Somalia: caused by drought 2012 Sahel region of Africa: caused by drought

Question 81

The development of HYV's

Answer 81

The American Norman Borlaug working out of Mexico developed HYV;s of wheat suited to hot climates which were introduced to India in the late 1960's, doubling wheat production in only 6 years (the Green Revolution) Henry Beachell developed a HYV of rice at the International Rice Research Centre in the Philippines and was adopted throughout Asia. Within 20 years, what and rice production in Asia doubled

Question 82

Which HIC's export food?

Answer 82

USA Canada Australia New Zealand France

Question 83

USA farming and growing

Answer 83

Has a long growing season and a lot of good soil. Farmers use hybrid seeds, nitrogen fertilisers and pesticides. The road, rail and air infrastructure is excellent, market are efficient and the government is well organised. They are the biggest food exporter where less than 3% of workers are in agriculture. Much of this is exported to MIC's/LIC's where up to 75% of the workforce are farmers

Question 84

What countries have started to export food recently?

Answer 84

Brazil Argentina Uruguay Paraguay Bolivia Russia Ukraine Kazakhstan Thailand Vietnam Myanmar Russia and Ukraine has a lot of arable land per person Argentina has very good soil The fertile river deltas of Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar have good rainfall and year-round warmth allowing 3 rice harvests per year Brazilian food production grew after the discovery in the 1960's that the infertile soils of the central plains could be improved by adding lime and phosphorus. A version of the soybean which grew in temperate parts of China was developed for tropical Brazil and the production of this has risen greatly

Question 86

What countries are just self sufficient?

Answer 86

China India Pakistan Bangladesh Indonesia

Question 87

What countries are high income food importers?

Answer 87

Oil-rich Middle East states such as Saudi Arabia Japan South Korea UK

Question 88

What countries are low income food importers?

Answer 88

Parts of Central America Asian countries like the Philippines North Africa Middle East Largest group of countries is in Sub-Saharan Africa which has average yields of 1.2 tonnes of grain per hectare compared to 8 in North America and Europe

Question 89

Egypt population growth figures

Answer 89

28 million in 1960 ro 88 million in 2015

Question 90

How much of Japans land has been lost to urban development since 1945?

Answer 90

A third

Question 91

What is happening to the aquifer under the North China Plain

Answer 91

This plain produces 1/2 of China's wheat and is falling by 3-6 meters per year

Question 92

USA hot years and effects of this

Answer 92

One of the hottest years was 2012. In the Great Plains there was little rain for 2 months of the summer. The US department of Agriculture declared natural disasters in over half of the states. The hot, dry weather destroyed 1/6 of maize and 1/8 of soybeans

Question 93

The USA Energy Independence and Security Act

Answer 93

This was passed in 2007 which required to us of 164 billion litres of renewable fuel by 2022 (68 billion from maize). The aim was to reduce dependence on imports. By 2011, 40% of US maize was used for fuel which limited exports

Question 94

Yemen inadequate food background informations

Answer 94

Yemen in southern Arabia is one of the poorest countries in the world. Economic and social development is slow as a result of political instability and weak governance. Security is fragile and unpredictable with conflict in the North, secessionists in the South and an increase of militant groups. In 2015, 26% were undernourished The population is 25 million and the fertility rate is 4.4 women which is one of the highest in the world. Food supply can't match this

Question 95

Reasons for Yemen's inadequate food supply

Answer 95

There is limited availability of land for cultivation since much of the country is mountainous. Water is scarce because of low rainfall and limited piped water. Nearly 2/3 of the people depend on agriculture and over 90% of water is for irrigation. Farming is primitive and there is little use of modern technology Much of the available land is for the narcotic leaf qat which is a high price on local markets. 40-50% of agricultural water is used for this Therefore, Yemen is highly dependent on food imports. 90% of wheat and 100% of rice are imported. The country is vulnerable to international food price rises Most export revenue comes from oil. In 2015 over 9-% of foreign exchange earnings were from exports of oil and gas. Oil exports have been reduced by the attacks on the pipelines that carry crude oil to ports resulting in lower foreign exchange earnings and limiting the funds for importing essential commodities

Question 96

Effects of Yemen's food shortages

Answer 96

Low agricultural productivity contributes significantly to poverty as almost 2/3 of the people depend on agriculture for their livelihoods. About 5 million people depend on food aid

Question 97

Responses to Yemen's food shortages

Answer 97

Tos support the restoration of stability, the Nation Food Security Strategy aims to make 90% of the population food secure by 2020. To do this they include measures to decrease qat production and consumption, reduce their vulnerability to global food price shocks and promote the sustainable use of water. Efforts to fight poverty in rural areas, increase from incomes and create more jobs are centred on measures to increase access to inputs such as improved seed varieties of grain and oilseeds and to upgrade agricultural markets