Unit 6 Mini Case Studies Flashcards

Question

Gentrification process of the rejuvenation of inner London

Answer 1

The physical improvement of the housing stock A change in housing tenure from renting to owning An increase in house prices The displacement or replacement of the working class byt the new middle class

Answer 2

By 1940 there was development on the rural urban fringe. Stoneleigh got a railway station in 1932 and had high growth offer. The Stoneleigh Estate was made up of 3 marns which were offered for development in the early 1900s but by 1930 only a few houses had been built. After the railway there was more development. By 1933 a 3500 acre site for 3000 homes existed and there were complete drains and sewers. By 1937 all farmland/woodland within a mile of the railway station was destroyed

Answer 3

Housing density was 8 per acre. There was also good service to Epsom, Surbiton and Kingston. Further developments: 18 shops by 1933 Sub-post office in 1933 and bank in 1934 First public house in 1934 Cinema in 1937 and churches in 1935 and onwards Schools from 1934 and recreational ground like Nonsuch Park

Answer 4

Benefitted from a strong and dynamic residents association. Residents were unhappy that Sutton and Cheam were reducing land values. They canvassed for boundaries to be withdrawn raising their property values. By 1939 over 3000 used the railway to commute daily and to reach the south coast. There were problems for buses and cars trying to move around the town and the social community was split

Answer 5

Variety of housing styles Chaotic road layout Destruction of former farming landscape Ponderous shopping parades Claimed as dull and soulless Due to poor road layout and housing up the railway line it does not have the worst trappings of modern suburban development

Answer 6

Birmingham's first suburbs began to develop at Edgbaston in the early 19th century. These were followed by higher density housing around the whole city As well as increasing national awareness there was a link between people health and the standard for their housing. Birmingham began to encourage development of lower density housing award from the inner city. Bournville with tree lined roads was developed by Cadburys for their workers 6 km South of the city centre and was expanded form 1900 by the Bournville Village Trust. These were in sharp contrast with the high density terraced housing developed in the previous 20 years. Both local authorities and property builders because more conscious and housing densities in suburbs began to reflect land prices. There was a large increase in suburban house building in the interwar period. This was intended for blue collar workers and was built by local authorities It consisted of large, geometric estates made up of terraced and semi detached housing. Little thought was given to services (corner shops which existed before 1914 were forgotten and residents became isolated during the day)

Answer 7

The outward spread of the suburbs was limited by the Restriction of Ribbon Development Act (1935) and by the Green Belt Policy. Therefore since 1945 housing densities in many of the suburbs have increased. This is a reflection of the declining size of individual houses and the greater affluence and mobility of young people. Infilling has been easiest and has so occurred most frequently in what used to be the lower density areas. The style of housing for infilling has contrasted with the houses around the areas, resulting in diverse estates. Suburbs have also changed as owners attempted to improve homes by adding extensions and conversions. Birmingham has experienced great fluctuations in its rate of outward expansion

Answer 8

Several fringe belts (areas of low density housing characterised by public parks, golf courses and institutional buildings) are identified. These developed when land prices fell allowing extensive land uses to be cheaply developed. The Edwardian fringe belt, stretching between the Botanical Gardens and Cannon Hill Park includes Edgbaston County Cricket Ground, Edgbaston Nature Centre and the University of Birmingham. This is now surrounded on all side by high density housing and other forms of intensive land use

Answer 9

Population has fallen in recent decades. Reasons for this include deindustrialisation brining a loss of jobs and opportunities and migration out of the region. Total population fell from 275000 in 1991 to 259000 in 2001. Within Newcastle there has been movement of people from the central urban areas to more rural-urban fringe areas for the 1971-1998 period

Answer 10

Wards such as Castle, Blakelaw and Westerhope have gained population due to suburbanisation and counter urbanisation to rural-urban fringe locations. The Great North Park developed is located in Castle Ward. Woolingston, a rural-urban fringe ward has lost population as Newcastle airport has expanded including a dual carriageway and Metro link. Inner wards such as Jesmon have gained population or barely declined due to large, desirable Victorian/Edwardian housing, good local schools and good access to the CBD. Neighbourhood shopping is often very good quality too. Inner wards along the river Tyne have seen major loss of population due to the decline of shopping and engineering industries. Many areas such as Newcastle Quayside in West City and Sandyford wards have seen major inner-city regeneration in the last 25 years to overcome dereliction and other environmental problems

Answer 11

The key attraction of this part of Newcastle is access. The international airport is minutes away by car, bus, taxi and metro link. The A1 Western bypass provides excellent road access within Tyneside and beyond. Newcastle Great Park is a 484 hectare site formerly greenbelt land. Key features. 2500 new houses over 15 years Up to 500 new small/medium businesses 800 million pounds total investment. New shops and schools. Major new roads linking directly to A1. Industrial Park focussed around 375000 sq ft. Sage HQ currently being constructed. The A1 Western Bypass opened in 1990. The re-routed traffic from the city centre to the western fringes and at the same time made this a desirable location

Answer 12

Another feature of the area is redevelopment on brownfield sites. This is because the value of land is high and demand for housing is strong. The 4 housebuilders in the Great North Park (Persimmon, Charles Church, Bryant and Barrett) won planning permission partly due to a pledge to build 2 houses on brownfield sites in Newcastle for every 1 built on greenfield land in the Great North Park. The 4 brownfield sites include 3 new housing sites. Industrial estate adjacent to international airport, Metro station and A696 link to A1. Redevelopment of Newcastle Falcons rugby ground at Kingston Park. This increases traffic on match days. Suburban housing development completed in the 1980s and 1990s. Major retail industrial development at Kingston Park

Answer 13

An area of urban deprivation with many derelict industrial sites, poor quality housing and high unemployment and chemicals contaminating land and waterways. It was previously agricultural land known for potatoes but railway introduction saw the creation of the Royal Docks leading to industrialisation

Answer 14

Was one of the most deprived communities in the UK where unemployment was high, education was low and there was poor health The area needed more infrastructure and a better environmental quality The development of the Olympic Park began in 2007 Many factories and businesses in the area already closed down One section of the site was a busy industrial for recycling and vehicle fixing area The reason for few houses was the frequency flooding of the Lea Valley

Answer 15

Land had to be brought together under one new owner People had to leave the land by 2007 Parts of the land were polluted so contaminant were removed 110 hectares of brownfield was reclaimed Electricity cables were buried Bridges built to connect railways etc

Answer 16

Demolition of old factories, industrial estates and homes Clearance of derelict and overgrown sites Electric pylons and overhead cables removed (wires underground) Contaminated soil and water cleared

Answer 17

Construction of new sports venues which are open to the public and used by schools Setting up the London Legacy Development Corporation responsible for transforming and integrating the area into world-class, sustainable and thriving neighbourhoods Olympics media centre is a hub for creative industries, employing 5000 A landscaped park with natural habitats and tourist attractions The Athletes Village was converted into over 2800 residential homes The International Quarter, a high rise office development employing 25000 The East Bank is a new cultural centre

Answer 18

Olympics generated 9 billion pounds extra income for the UK from the sale of buildings after Unemployment fell overall Significant infrastructure improvement with new homes, schools and transport New jobs in construction and tourism creating a multiplier effect By 2030 there will be 20000 new jobs bring 5 billion pounds Total Olympic bill was 8.77 billion pounds

Answer 19

Park is designed to be sustainable such as walking and cycling paths There are public transportation and bike hire options Homes in the park are designed to use water efficiently The park aims to protect green areas and the natural homes of plants and animals The River Lea houses wetlands and riverside meadows for birds, waterfowl and amphibians

Answer 20

10000 new homes will be built by 2030, 40% affordable 3000 are the former Athletes Village 5 new communities with 8000 homes are planned by 2030 A new academy for 180- students age 3-18 is on site Anyone can use the aquatics centre and velodrome A new bus centre is next to the Stratford underground The parkland is an open space for locals and visitors Local waterways are open for leisure and recreation

Answer 21

New York London

Answer 22

Paris Milan Beijing Tokyo Sydney

Answer 23

Toronto Moscow Madrid Chicago Mumbai

Answer 24

Prague Vienna Zurich Santiago Auckland

Answer 25

Manila Dubai Washington Atlanta

Answer 26

Oslo Berlin Geneva Cairo

Answer 27

Munich Lima Kiev Miami

Answer 28

Montreal Denver Vancouver

Answer 29

Perth Portland Rotterdam

Answer 30

Detroit Manchester Wellington

Answer 31

8 London boroughs have 50%+ of households with no car or van. 41% in Wandsworth and Greenwich are the lowest. 8 outer London boroughs have numbers below 25% with Hillingdon the lowest at 22% Range in inner London of owner occupied accommodation is 29% in Tower Hamlets to 52% in Wandsworth. Range in outer London is from 49% in Greenwich to 79% in Havering and Bexley Range of unemployment rate in inner London was from 5.7% in Hackney to 3.4% in Wandsworth. In outer London range was 4.4% in Greenwich to 2% in Havering and Sutton

Answer 32

Substandard housing accounts for 70% of Sao Paulo (1500 km^2) 2 million (20% of the total population) lives in favelas while over 0.5 million live in converted older homes/factories in the inner core (cortios) Rat and cockroach infestations are common Over 60% is the population growth in the 1980’s was absorbed by favelas

Answer 33

At the start of the 20th century, the city was socially divided between the affluent in the higher central districts and the poor on the floodplains and railways The acceleration of urbanisation between 1930 and 1980 added to segregation By the 1970’s more poor migrants were spreading into almost all parts of the city The 1980’s saw rapid development of shanty towns (favelas) at the urban periphery and inner city slum tenements (cortico) This was most of the slum housing until 1980 when the favela left the urban periphery and spread throughout the city This happened because the newly arrived poor people found every empty or unprotected urban land area

Answer 34

Rural urban divide Different levels of economic development exist in different areas Low levels of education Decreases social mobility which limits the opportunities of those on lower incomes, reducing their changes of narrowing the income gap Literacy rate is 10.2% Taxation High indirect taxes hurt the poor more than the wealthy Those earning 30x minimum wage are taxed 26.3% while those on less than 2x minimum wages are taxed 48.8% High land ownership concentration GINI index of 0.872 This is high even where family farms are located and they find it difficult to compete with large producers who can take advantage of internal and external economies of scale

Answer 35

It is estimated that favela residents now outnumber those in corticos by 3:1 The 1980’s spread of favelas mixed centre and periphery segregation Public authorities constantly removed favelas in the areas with high property values When private property owners regain possession of their land, it pushes favelas to the poorest peripheral and hazardous zones The largest 2 favelas, Heliopolis and Paraisopolis are located in well-served regions still Heliopolis is the largest slum In Paraisopolis nearly 43000 people live in 150 ha near the CBD and high class residential areas

Answer 36

Most are found in privately owned areas: Near gullies On floodplains On river banks Along railways Beside main roads Adjacent to industrial areas Theses were previously avoided by the formal building sector because of dangers and difficulties Favela construction makes them vulnerable to fires, landslides and other hazards

Answer 37

Initially they are densely packed informal settlements made of wood, cardboard, iron and other accessible materials They are then replaced by concrete blocks, often slowly as this requires more money than most people living in favelas gave Concrete tiles tend to replace iron or other roof materials The improvement os caused by the residents expectations of remaining where they are as a result of changes in public policy in the last 30 years from the removal to the upgrading of slums

Answer 38

Is in the Sacoma district which is Sao Paulo's largest areas of slum housing and one of the largest in Latin America It was established in the 1960’s and means ‘City of the Sun’ in Greek Over 100000 people live there in absolute (below the poverty line) and relative (incomes below 60% of the median) poverty Access to services is limited (one library with 300 books for 100000 people) It is South-East of the city centre and was developed quickly in the 1970’s due to high land invasion and was considered illegal for 20 years People from the North-East of Brazil grew it from 1990 Structural unemployment (due to decline in aggregate demand for the industry) encouraged people to move to South-East Brazil Housing was built by the city and roads were created Drug gangs developed power and muder/violence were very common

Answer 39

75% has urban infrastructure 100% water connection 77% sewage connection Nearly 100% street lighting These have increased since 2000 There is WiFi connectivity Since 1997, Community Radio Heliopolis has broadcast Most streets are paved Only 1 bus stop opposite the hospital due to narrow roads 3 were killed and 900 were left homeless due to a fire in July 2013 which showed the fragile construction ActionAid presses City Hall for housing improvement

Answer 40

ActionAid said that housing should be: Safely constructed and close the the previous area of residence Subsidised by the government to ensure poor people aren't exploited The area had been visited by City Hall and the need for rehousing was established but nothing was done ActionAid runs a child sponsorship programme in the favela

Answer 41

The initial project was a street colour schemes to replace an irregular street facade of red brick UNAS, the residents association worked on projects for a library, recreational centre and housing project The Heliopolis Housing Project was created as part of an urban plan by SEHAB in 2010 It aimed to provide housing for 70000 in 18000 houses and improved urban living, leisure spaces, educational and health facilities SEHAB is in slum upgrading programmes, land tenure regularisation of public areas, sanitary improvement and regularisation of informal land subdivision Stage 1: The construction of 11, 5-storey circular towers with 18 apartments. The first people to live there were from the most marginal sites in the favela in 2011 Stage 2: Will develop 29 circular towers with 542 new apartments. Unit cost is $60000-$70000, comparable to the cost of most social housing

Answer 42

People are given tools by the government to improve their own homes Low-interest loans are used to help fund these changes People may be given legal ownership of their land Residents are provided with materials to construct permanent accommodation Creates a sense of community and local can learn these skills, improving employability The government saves money on contractors since the local provide labour so the money can be spent on providing amenities In some schemes, residents buy the houses or pay rent Those who are unemployed or on minimum wage don’t benefit

Answer 43

Heliopolis is considered to be its own town by many There have been schemes to encourage entrepreneurship and now there are commercial stores in the area There is entrepreneurial and innovational spirit in the area, praised by the Economist in 2010 The city government needs to capitalise on this

Answer 44

Heliopolis has developed through urbanisation to become a neighbourhood It is a slum that has significantly improved but can still be further upgraded It changed from a shack settlement divided by mud paths to a neighbourhood of brick buildings and paved roads, sanitation, water and electricity Security has improved bringing greater stability and encouraging more people to invest in the local area Some favelas such as the Jardim Senice favela, have seen hundreds of families upgrading fomes since the city put in infrastructure But Heliopolis is the exception where planners think it will take 20 years for land to be granted to all Sao Paulo's slums and for public electricity and water to replace illegal ones

Answer 45

There are unique settlement patterns that are similar to Italian hill towns with characteristics such as meandering footpaths, organic street grids and informal plazas Ruy Ohtake said that ‘painted favelas resemble colonial towns’ Young people are choosing to stay in their favelas to give back to their neighbourhood and to reach their favelas potential

Unit 6 Mini Case Studies Flashcards

i cant be doing all this (70 cards)