Unit 4: Migration Flashcards

Question

Ravensteins law of migration

Answer 1

He attempted to explain the movement of people without regard to a particular group or location. His work though was largely based on his experiences of migration in Great Britain during his lifetime

Answer 2

The greatest body of migrants travel short distances This produces currents directed towards great commercial centres Each current has a compensating counter-current in the opposite direction Both currents display similar characteristics Long distance movements are directed towards great commercial centres People in urban areas migrate less than people in rural areas Males migrate more over long distances and females migrate more over short distances Most migrants are between 20-34 years old People mainly move for economic reasons Urban housing development is inadequate for the influx of migrants so ghettos/shanties are formed

Answer 3

Migrants might settle for a location other than their intended destination. The number of persons going a given distance is directly proportional to the number of opportunities at that distance and inversely proportional to the number of intervening opportunities

Answer 4

Introduced the idea of intervening obstacles. He also stated that each individual might view the attributes of both the source and destination city differently depending on their age, gender, class and martial status

Answer 5

Primitive: The movements of nomadic pastoralists and that of shifting cultivators. Availability of rainfall and fertility of soils being the main determinants of migration patterns Impelled: Takes under threat or perceived threat (physical or human). Country's likely to be affected have procedures to move people out if it occurs Forced: Similar to impelled but without lack of choice. Physical events also cause this Free: Distinction between free and mass is only of numbers Mass Each is then divided into conservative and innovative Conservative=preserving a certain standard of living Innovative=improving standard of living

Answer 6

Further explored push and pull factors to explain rural-urban migration in Africa. Not just cause and effect in the model. Includes feedback and modifications and actions and reactions between urban and rural areas. The model takes into consideration both economic and social factors and the environment of change within the continent. Is a system where there is interdependence and self-regulation and modification. Continuous action and reaction so urban economic expansion will stimulate migration from villages close to urban areas while a decline in the economy will reduce these flows of migrant labour and may lead to a reversal of the flow. Adjustments in the source region are important. Fewer agricultural workers as a result of the out-migration may lead to an increase in income per person for those still in the rural economy. These remaining families may benefit from money sent back to the village as remittances. It is possible that the new urban arrivals will use any increase sin income to spend on their new homes

Answer 7

Byerlee uses a cost-benefit model by which he considers migration as the outcome of this. He suggests that the decision to migrate will be taken when the benefit exceeds the costs. This was persued by Todaro. Migrants usually are well informed as to what to expect when they arrive as there is a flow of information back to the source region from earlier migrants. They may not find employment immediately, but are prepared to stay rather than return to the country. If they are successful in finding work the financial rewards are higher than at home. Stark suggested that families decide to migrate to improve economic status. One family member migrates, sends money home and if migration is economically successful, other member will follow

Answer 8

Sees labour migration as an inevitable process as economies move towards a capitalist model and workers become divorced from the land. Migration is essential for capitalist production which is located in urban areas, encouraging mass rural to urban movements of people. Globally migration is sometimes seen as a way of capitalist HIC's to exploit LIC's. According to Rubenstein remittances are a 'minor component of surplus labour extraction, a small change to capital in a grossly unequal process of exchange between core and peripheral societies'

Answer 9

Includes individual motives and those structural and cultural factors that influence migrants. It stresses that rules designed to regulate behaviour also provide opportunity and room for maneuver for those they seek to restrain

Answer 10

Significant area of research in recent years. Examines the different approaches to migration by men and women. According to Arjan de Haan 'there is now much more emphasis on the different migration responses by women and men which themselves are context dependent and on gender discrimination in returns to migrant labour'

Answer 11

Mainly working age since migration is mainly for employment opportunities. Elderly more likely to live in rural areas not close to work. Younger usually live in urban areas or move for university

Answer 12

The largest barriers to migration are different depending on the type of migration Internal = cost and distance International = immigration laws

Answer 13

Closing up costs Actual transportation costs Opening up costs Distance and landscape Human danger along borders Government immigration laows Skills required for visas

Answer 14

Over time governments have generally tightened immigration laws and make it harder for people to migrate internationally. Most countries favour immigration applications from people with skills that are in short supply and from people that intend to set up businesses and create employment

Answer 15

Before 1914 government controls were almost non-existant. Obstacles to migration at the time were costs and any physical dangers that might be associated with the journey. Reflecting security concerns it was curtailed in 1914-1945. Many perused policies that would be classed as overtly racist After 1945 many European countries facing labour shortages encouraged migrants. Legislation was not repealed but interpreted very liberally In the 1970's slow economic growth and rising unemployment in HIC's led to a tightening of policy that has remained. In some countries immigration did increase again in the 1980's and early 1990's spurring the introduction of new restrictions

Answer 16

Having access to data is increasingly important for countries who want t monitor patterns and introduce new legislation to control migration Most estimate that migrant numbers are often underestimated by authorities. There are 3 sources of data: Censuses, population registers and social surveys. For all, moves are recorded as migration when an official boundary is crossed. Moves that don't cross a boundary may not be recorded even if over longer distances

Answer 17

Taken at regular intervals and cover whole countries. The data is birthplaces of the population and period migration figures. With birthplace, gives a broad picture. No information about the number of residential moves between place of birth and present residence. In period migration, British censuses have asked for a place of residence a year before as well as a place of birth. When compared with present addresses at the time of census, migration patterns can be traces. Intervening moves during the 1 year period and between censusus are unrecorded

Answer 18

Inhabitants register an address with the police or civil authority and notify of all changes of residence. Aim to record every move rather than those just caught by the period framework of censuses. In the UK only partial registers exist to record movements for some parts of the population. Social researchers have argues for the introduction of population register in these countries by opposition has focusses on possible infringement of individual liberties

Answer 19

Can supplement other data sources. Some are to provide information on tourism and the efect of travel expenditure on the balance of payments but also provides useful information on international migration. The annual General Household Survey of 15000 households and the Labour Force Survey provide useful information. Questionnaire surveys are the means by which the relationship between attitudes and behaviour in migration can by fully analysed

Answer 20

Movement of people within a country. If this is forced migration the migrants are Internally Displaced People or IDP's

Answer 21

Intra-national Local Intra-district Inter-district Intra-provincial Inter-provincial Intra-regional Inter-regional LEDC-LEDC LEDC-MEDC

Answer 22

Rural-rural Rural-urban Urban-rural Urban-urban Periphery-core Core-periphery Traditional-modern spheres

Answer 23

Step migration Migration stream Counter stream

Answer 24

Levels of migration tend to decrease with increased distance (inversely proportional). Distance is often linked to cost. Travelling further usually costs more. Poorer migrants are more likely to go to a destination closer to their origin. The further they travel, the more barriers and constraints there are

Answer 25

Most common movement types are rural to urban in LEDC's and peripheral economic regions to core regions. These both result in movements from culturally traditional and often tighter small communities to larger, more diverse, more globalised and rapidly changing environments

Answer 26

The difference between life in the countryside and cities tends to be more pronounced in LICs and MICs than HICs. Migrants in LICs and MICs can find assimilating into cities harder and may have to change their lives more

Answer 27

Less common but can happen as a result of jobs, family reunions and marriage. Governments may encourage this internal migration when wanting to develop new frontier areas.

Answer 28

When migrants spend time in a place as a stepping stone to their intended final destination. Often involves progressing up the settlement hierarchy. During this time they may improve their finances, knowledge and skills allowing them to move on to a city. This is then urban to urban migration

Answer 29

Dominated by a counter-stream movement of people from the cities returning to their rural roots. Most people don't move to the countryside early in their careers for work. Exceptions can be teachers, doctors and government officials. The movement of people from urban areas to the countryside is counter urbanisation. This is almost entirely an MEDC phenomena

Answer 30

Old housing Poor quality schools Lack of gardens Lack of open space and parks Air pollution Traffic congestion Parking shortages Overcrowding Higher crime rates Noise pollution

Answer 31

Larger houses with gardens Pleasant scenergy and countryside ICT and internet impact Out of town shopping malls Lower crime rates Safer for children Less pollution

Answer 32

Macro Meso Micro

Answer 33

Highlight socio-economic differences at the national scale focusing on the core periphery concept. The development of core regions in many LICs had its origins in the colonial era which was characterised by the selective and incomplete opening of territories supporting development in a restricted range of economic sectors. Migration was encouraged to supply labour for enterprises and infrastructural projects. the introduction of capitalism through colonialism into non-capitalist societies influenced movement. The demand for labour in mines, plantation was satisfied by restricting native access to land and coercing people into migration to work through forced labour systems o taxation. The spread of a cash economy at the expense of barter into peripheral areas rose the need for paid employment that could only be found in the economic core. Post-colonial most LICs and MICs looked to industrialisation resulting in disproportionate investment in the urban industrial sector and the neglect of the rural economy. Where there is considerable agriculture investment the objective or end result was the replace labour with machinery adding to rural-out migration

Answer 34

Fails to explain why some people migrate and others stay put when faced with similar circumstances in peripheral areas. Offers no explanation as to why not all forms of migration occur in the direction of economic core regions

Answer 35

Includes more detailed consideration of the factors in the origin and destination that could influence migration decisions. Lees origin, intervening obstacles, destination model is useful in this approach which looks beyond economic factors and recognises the role of perception of the individual. Of all factors, economic perspective dominates the decision to migrate. However other factors especially social environment have a strong influence on direction. Explains why capital cities with a wide range of social opportunities attract rural migrants

Answer 36

Lee argues that migration occurs in response to the prevailing set of factors both in the place of origin and in 1 or more potential destinations. Perception may vary between people as may the obstacles. Lee states that it is not so much the actual factors at origin and destination as the perception of these which results in migration. He stressed the point that the factors in favour of migration would have to considerably outweigh those against due to the natural reluctance to uproot rom established communities

Answer 37

High population growth is often the major source of rural-urban migration but not the main cause of out-migration. Its effects have to be seen in conjunction with the failure of other processes to provide the needs of growing rural communities. Even when governments focus on rural development, out migration may not be reduced. In many LICs and MICs people are being displaced form the country because change is too slow to accommodate the growing size and needs or because in other areas change is too quick for redundant rural workers to find other jobs. Out-migration provides safety

Answer 38

During the 1960s most demographers cited higher wages and varied jobs from cities as prime reasons for internal migration. The level of migration was also related to the rate of urban unemployment. While rural/urban incomes are easy to quantify they don't take into account lower costs of living in the country and that non-cash income often forms a significant part of rural incomes. In the 1970s as more cities in LICs experienced large internal migration despite high unemployment. Todaro was one of the first to recognise urban deprivation on one hand and migration for higher wages o the other explained by a long term view of why people move the urban areas. People are prepared to ensure urban hardship in the short term in the likelihood that their longterm prospects will be better in the city. Other perceived advantages are higher accommodation standards, better education for children, better medical facilities, conditions of infrastructure and a wider range of consumer services. A regular wage gives them access to other advantages but as demand for jobs outstrips supply many can only be in the informal sectors.

Answer 39

Criticisms of macro and meso level are that they view migration as a passive response to a variety of stimuli and they view rural source areas as an undifferentiated entity. The specific circumstances of individual families and communities in terms of urban contact are important in the decision to move especially when long distances are involved. The alienation experienced by the new migrant to an urban area is to be avoided if possible. This comes from sample surveys and the high incidence of area of origin communities. These established links usually result in chain migration. The more established a migrant community becomes in the city the easier it is for other in the rural community to move and assimilate into urban society

Answer 40

Level of income Size of land holding Size of household Stage in life cycle Level of education Cohesiveness of family All influence the decision to migrate. Family ties and commitments determine ability and influence who should seek employment in the city. The stage in life cycle here is crucial and its not surprising most migration in LICs and MICs are 15-25 years old. In some places relay migration is identified.

Answer 41

Labour Jobs skills and experience Young, impressionable, dynamic villages Support costs Migration for education

Answer 42

Changed attitudes, outlooks, ideas and aspirations Remittances Return of educated

Answer 43

The action of sending money in payment or as a gift Remittances from internal migration are hard to monitor and estimate The flow of money between migrants and their families is not always 1 way Some studies have highlighted 'village to city transfers' to support the migrants in the search for education and new jobs

Answer 44

Urban-rural remittances account for 10-13% of urban incomes in Africa

Answer 45

Remittances accounted for 20% of rural incomes in areas distant from cities but could be as high as 75% in villages much closer to major cities

Answer 46

Migrants often remit up to 60% of their income

Answer 47

1. Spent on family maintenance and improving land productivity 2. Conspicuous consumption 3. Invested in commercial start-up businesses unrelated to agriculture

Answer 48

The importance of pull factors in national and international movements in widely accepted. Migrants do move in reaction to newly developed opportunities. Recent studies show that people in the poorest areas of LICs and MICs do not have the highest levels of out-migration. Levels of literacy may be so low that access to menial urban jobs is difficult

Answer 49

Development in rural areas of origin act as a stimulus to out-migration. Development often acts as an important stimulus widening horizons of a large number of rural populations

Answer 50

Internal migration in LICs and MICs is beneficial for receiving areas. Rural migrants are often the most dynamic young adults from their origin benefitting the receiving areas, providing enough opportunities are available for most to gain reasonable employment. Newcomers can place a burden on urban amenities and services especially if there is high unemplyment

Answer 51

Traditional view is that reducing un/underemployment and providing inputs like remittances and new skills, promotes development, narrows regional disparities and makes migration unnecessary. Recent research is contradictory and the possibility of such mobility having an adverse effect on the economy of labour-exporting areas. Lipton emphasised the inequality increasing affects of rural-urban migration in origin. High emigration from a village was related to unequal distribution of resources. Migration frequently involved the richest and poorest households. Richer potential migrants were pulled towards firm jobs prospects in formal sector and the poor were push by rural poverty and labour-replacing. The higher remittances from the rich acted to increase inequality. Out-migration can cause a shortage of labour but can alleviate un/underemployment. In some, lots of women now do agricultural tasks. This adds to an existing heavy household workload. Remittances help but are often too low to hire in labour. There is a tendency for land to be concentrated with migrant families who become non-farmers causing a fall in agriculture production. The impact of out-migration in agriculture depends on the interaction of a range of social and economic factors which change

Answer 52

Depopulation and reduced political voice Political primary for fast-growing urban areas Ethnic tensions

Answer 53

Reduced number of people can reduce political voice and result in decreased funding from central government. The region may become more peripheral to its country

Answer 54

Political voice becomes more important in some LICs and MICs especially capital cities have grown rapidly attaining an increasingly dominant political and economic role. Such primacy may be of large benefit to the residents of the capital city but to the detriment of the rest of the country

Answer 55

In-migration can change ethnic composition of a region or urban area causing tension

Answer 56

Large scale rural urban migration Rapid expansion of cities Need for housing and infrastructure Loss of farmland, forests, wetlands etc

Answer 57

Deforestation due to increasing demand for firewood Increasing demands on regional water supplies and other resources The expansion of landfill sites to manage the extra waste produced Increased air and water pollution from factories, households, power stations and transportation

Answer 58

Tend to concentrate in marginal and vulnerable environments where the potential for environmental degradation is high Difficulties in disposing of human waste and trash Deforestation because of the need for firewood and building materials Soil degradation and erosion

Answer 59

Bulge indicate many migrants return to the countryside when they have earned sufficient money in the urban area Indentations caused by emigration from rural areas of young males without family ties Less females migrate due to family ties and religious regions Decrease in birth rate as a result of recent emigration to the cities of people in the fertile age group

Answer 60

The age and often gender selective nature of migration can impact areas of origin and destination. This is no more so than in rural areas of heavy out-migration and urban areas where heavy in-migration is evident. Age/sex structure diagrams for rural areas in LICs and MICs show the loss of young adults and may also show a difference between the number of males and females in the young adult age group due to a higher number of males than females leaving rural areas. In some rural areas female out-migration may be higher than male out-migration. Urban population diagrams show the revise impact with age-selective in-migration

Answer 61

Where migrants from rural areas migrate to a town before moving onwards to a major city

Answer 62

People moving from 1 city to another

Answer 63

People moving from 1 to another area of the same city

Answer 64

Movement of people out of cities into rural areas

Answer 65

Have lower incomes so generally live in rented accommodation in inner city and industrial areas. Common for university students

Answer 66

When young people have families they move out of the inner city fro more space and safter lifestyles. Outer suburbs have cheaper housing which is good for young families on low incomes

Answer 67

Older families with adolescent children may move into more expensive housing as the progress professionally and have more income. Closer to city centres

Answer 68

Most migrate again to higher cost housing. May bre retirement villages or high cost housing in wealthy areas. Affluent city home areas usually away from suburbs

Answer 69

As certain demographics are concentrated in certain areas of urban settlements can segregate people of different ages and incomes When housing lis limited richer people can still afford to buy homes but less well-off people can't. House prices may be driven up in already more expensive urban areas, further segregating people and making it hard for young families to get on the property ladder. In areas that generally older people migrate to, may be issues of an old population Social issues like crime can be concentrated in the inner city where a similar demographic of low-income people live

Answer 70

During the initial move from a rural to small urban area migrants develop skills and increase their knowledge and confidence. They may become aware of better employment opportunities in larger urban areas and develop personal contacts. For those in the formal sector a move up the urban hierarchy may be linked to a promotion or a transfer linked to public sector employment

Answer 71

Demographic analysis shows population movements in cities are closely related to stages in the family life cycle with available housing stock being a determinant of where people live at different stages. Young adults frequently choose housing close to the CBD while older families occupy the next ring out. Middle-aged families are more likely to live a greater distance from the central area and further out still in the newest suburb area young families dominate. Applies especially to a rapidly growing city

Answer 72

Involves a series of fundamental changes in the redistribution of population including a population shift out of core industrial regions into peripheral regions and movements down the urban hierarchy. Changes in telecommunications have diversified many non-metropolitan economies so they are now viable locations for employers and residents looking for less congestion, lower costs and and better quality of life. The starting point was the transformation of the most accessible rural settlements into commuter communities. A rural lifestyle become more popular and its spatial impact diffused

Answer 73

Emphasises the role of economic and demographic circumstances in the 1970's. The energy crisis, periods of recessions, sharp growth in retirees and the impact of the post war baby boom weakened growth. In metropolitan areas push factors were strong and a rural location was viable for many. This viewed counter urbanisation as temporary which would subside once economic and demographic conditions were normal

Answer 74

Emphasises the role of the new organisation of production, changing division of labour and increasing service industries. All stimulated a greater spread of activities and population to small places and the rural periphery

Answer 75

Highlights the lowering of institutional and technological barriers to rural locations. Preferences of lower density environments are less constrained than mast and more businesses and households have felt free to leave metropolitan areas, confident that prospects would improve. Key factor is the convergence across size and place in the availability of amenities that used to only be accessible in larger places

Answer 76

There are those who voluntarily and those who are forced to migrate

Answer 77

People who have moved voluntarily for work and better quality of life

Answer 78

People forced to leave their homes and travel to another country due to fleeing conflict, political or religious persecution. Have been granted permanent or temporary residence by the host country or the UN refugee agency

Answer 79

People who have left their country and are seeking asylum in another. Waiting to be granted residency and become a refugee

Answer 80

Most international migration is to HICs 14.1% of HIC populations are made from international migrants 1.6% of LIC populations are made from international migration 3% of the world's' population live in a country different than their place of birth (213m) The number of international migration has increased in all UN regions but has increased to a greater degree in Europe and Asia Europe-86.7m Asia-85.6m North america-58.7m Africa-25.4m Latin america and caribbean-14.8m Oceania-9.38m

Answer 81

63 million moved to a different part of Asia while living in Asia in 2017, largest labour flow. Largest flows are between south Asia and west Asia. 5 million went from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh to Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Bahrain. Usually for better jobs prospects as west Asia is generally wealthier

Answer 82

41m wne to other areas in Europe in 2017. Germany has the most European migrants. Most German immigrants have moved from east Europe like Poland (1.9m), ROmania (590000) and Czech Republic (540000). UK has the 2nd highest European migrants in the EU with 700000 from Poland and 500000 from Ireland

Answer 83

19m move within African countries. Movement especially in Sub-Saharan Africa is between neighbouring countries since moving is costly and most of countries are LICs. Countries with the largest migrant populations are South Africa (4000), Côte d'Ivoire (2200) and Nigeria (1200). South Africa and Nigeria have the highest GDPs in Africa

Answer 84

26m in 2017 making it the 3rd largest global labour flow and the largest between continents. 22m migrants are from Latin America and 4m from the Caribbean. Latin America migrant populations are highest in California (5.4m), Texas (3m) and Florida (3m). Most emigration is from Mexico (11.5m). Caribbean migrant populations are highest in Florida (1.5m) and New York (1m). Most emigration is from Cuba (1.2m)

Answer 85

20m. 12% of all migrating Asians live in Europe. Germany, England, France and Spain have the most Asian migrants. Germany is the highest with over 1m from Kazakhstan and 250000 from Iran and Iraq. England's largest Asia population is from India (840000) and has the most Pakistanis and Bangladeshis. France and Spain have a lot of east and southeast Asians from Vietnam, China and the Philippines

Answer 86

17m in 2017. Most Asian migrants are from east Asia (4m), southeast Asia (4m) and south central Asia (3.5m). Live mainly in California (4m) and New York (1.2m). Migrants from China are most of the Asian migrants in the USA (2.5m) then India (2.2) and the Philippines (1.9m)

Answer 87

Independent=an individual decides to move to a new location Dependent=the decision to move is made collectively by a household

Answer 88

Growth in importance of labour-related migration and international student mobility so migration has become more temporary and circular;international mobility of highly skilled workers increased greatly in the 1990s and 2000s Spatial impact of migration has spread with more countries affected as either origin or destination while many traditional migration streams have remained strong but new streams have developed Proportion of female migrants has steadily increased. For some countries of origin women make up the majority of contract workers Most international migrants from HICs goto other affluent nations. Migration from LICs and MICs is equally split between HICs and LICs/MICs but movement between LICs/MICs is usually from weaker to stronger economies HICs have reinforced controls in response to security issues and to combat illegal immigration and networks that deal in trafficking and exploitation of humans

Answer 89

Globalisation Advances in transport Advances in communication Economic and social development in LEDCs has increased the number able to migrate and has increased the desire by many to seek opportunities abroad

Answer 90

Can vary from country to country. Influenced by historical, economic and geographic links between the country of origin and destination. Presence of earlier generations of migrants can help migrants overcome obstacles and make the likelihood of migration from that same country in the future more likely. Tighter immigration rules in many countries may limit current immigration to the family members of earlier 'primary' migrants

Answer 91

The abduction and transport of Africans to the Americas as slaves was the largest forced migration. In the 17th and 18th century's 15 million were shipped across the Atlantic. Recently the scale of involuntary movement in LICs is higher than thought but has also been more free labour migration. Focal points are dynamic economies of LICs wich have taken labour from neighbouring countries. In the late 20th century-beginning of 21st century the most violent conflicts have been in LICs. These have led to large-scale population movements. Not all have become refugees but many are IDPs. The global pattern shows little sign of abatement

Answer 92

New forms of warfare involving the destruction of social, economic and political systems. Spread of light weapons and land mines at prices which give the whole population access. Mass eviction and expulsion as weapons of war and to establish culturally and ethically homogenous societies. In some places, neighbourhoods of states have been affected by interlocking and mutually reinforcing patterns of armed conflict and forced displacement

Answer 93

Responsible for guaranteeing the safety of refugees where they seek asylum and aiding the government of these nations. Has noted mre situations where people are repeatedly uprooted, expelled or relocated forcing them to live an insecure and nomadic life. Has observed the forced displacement of minorities including depopulation and repopulation tactics in support of territorial claims and self-determination, has become a characteristic of the modern world. In 2014 the number worldwide of forcibly displaced persons was 42.5 million including 15.4m refugees

Answer 94

LICs are prone to natural disasters. Poor nations don't have the funds to minimise consequences causing forced migration. Some areas are repeatedly devastated and have a small response from the rest of the world. Ecological and environmental change are a common cause. Most of central Asia is affected by soil degradation and desertification created by agriculture exploitation, industrial pollution and overgrazing. Increasing large numbers of people have been displaced by major infrastructural projects and the commercial sectors land taking. In LICs the protests of communities in 'progress' are ignored for 'national increase' or greed. The World Bank and other international organisation have been criticised for financing large projects without consideration to people it directly affects. It is predicted that climate change will force mass migrations. In 2009, the International Organisation for Migration estimated that worsening tropical storms, desert droughts and rising sea levels will displace 200m by 2050

Answer 95

Remittances are a major source of income in some countries, helping the economy grow Emigration can ease unemployment and underemployment Reduced pressure on services so people may have a better quality of life Return migrants can bring new skills, ideas and money Reduces waste Relaxed pressure on services and resources can decrease political conflict and tension

Answer 96

Returning migrants may question traditions Loss of young adult workers who may have vital skills Ageing population in communities with a large outflow of young migrants Agricultural output suffers if labour force falls a lot Underpopulation could cause more pressure on services Small workforce for environmental conservatoin Home country becomes dependent on remittances Laws to grow workforce

Answer 97

Increase in available labour may reduce labour costs and inflation Migrants bring important skills Increases cultural diversity Influx of young migrants can reduce population ageing Migrants can contribute to society Larger workforce for environmental potection Migrants often do unwanted jobs and pay taxes Country can develop strong ties with home country, reducing conflict

Answer 98

Perceived as taking jobs from established people Increased pressure on housing and services Change in ethnic balance may cause tension Larger population can negatively impact environment Conflict between nationals and migrants High demand for environmentally unsustainable resources May become dependent on migrant workers Lack of jobs for nationals Remittances do not benefit host country Possible international disputes Laws may be introduced to limit population

Answer 99

Wages are higher than in origin Wider choice of jobs opportunities Greater ability to develop new skills Can support family members through remittances Opportunity to learn a new language Those fleeing from conflict or poor quality of life may have a better life

Answer 100

Financial cost of migration may be high Separation from family and friends Problems assimilating into a new culture Migrants may be exploited by employers Some migrations especially when illegal can involve hazardous journeys

Unit 4: Migration Flashcards

please let this not be the only easy one