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KINS 294 > Unit 2: Muscular System > Flashcards

Unit 2: Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

-movement
-stability
-control of body opening/passages
-heat production

A

functions of skeletal muscle

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2
Q

-responsiveness to stimulus
-exhibits electrical and mechanical responses

A

excitability

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3
Q

electrical excitation is conducted throughout the entire plasma membrane

A

conductivity

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4
Q

unique characteristic of shortening when stimulated

A

contractility

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5
Q

can stretch without breaking

A

extensibility

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6
Q

has ability to return to original length after stretching

A

elasticity

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7
Q

shortening and lengthening of a muscle through a complete range of motion

A

isotonic

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8
Q

muscle shortening with contraction

A

concentric

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9
Q

muscle lengthening with contraction

A

eccentric

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10
Q

contracts the muscle statically without a change in muscle length

A

isometric

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11
Q

resistance is given at a fixed velocity with accommodating resistance

A

isokinetic

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12
Q

surrounds entire muscle

A

epimysium

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13
Q

surrounds bundles of the muscle fibers

A

perimysium

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14
Q

surrounds individual muscle fibers

A

endomysium

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15
Q
A

muscle fascicle

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16
Q

-multi-nucleated muscle cell
-contains dozens to hundreds of myofibrils
-each myofibril is divided further
-arranged in a highly structured pattern

A

muscle fibers

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17
Q

contracting strands within sarcoplasm made up of a long series of sarcomeres

A

myofibrils

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18
Q
A

muscle filaments

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19
Q

-connective tissue attaching muscle to bone
-improve leverage
-economize space
-make it possible for the muscle to act from a distance

A

tendons

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20
Q

tendon fibers that penetrate into the bone

A

sharpey’s fibers

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21
Q

muscle cell membrane

A

sarcolemma

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22
Q

storage site for calcium

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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23
Q

enlarged lateral sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum next to transverse tubule

A

terminal cisternae

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24
Q

-channels that extend deep within the muscle cell
-bring action potential deep and throughout muscle cell

A

transverse tubules

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25
Q

-thin filaments
-contractile proteins

A

actin

26
Q

-thick filaments
-contractile proteins
-(looking at #13)

A

myosin

27
Q

-attached on the actin filament
-both involved in regulating muscle contraction
-regulate myosin and actin binding
-regulatory proteins

A

troponin and tropomyosin

28
Q

-individual segments of the myofibrils
-extends from z-line to z-line

A

sarcomere

29
Q

(looking at D)

A

A band

30
Q

(looking at C)

A

I band

31
Q
A

H zone

32
Q
A

M line

33
Q
A

Z line (disc)

34
Q

-all muscle fibers within a motor unit are the same type
-if the threshold value for neuron firing is reached, all muscle fibers within a motor unit contract maximally
-smaller motor units offer fine movement control
-larger motor units offer more gross control

A

motor unit characteristics

35
Q

the special synapse between a branch of a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of a skeletal muscle fiber

A

neuromuscular junction

36
Q
  1. AP proceeds to synapse
  2. Ca2+ enters nerve
  3. Vesicles move to membrane
  4. Vesicles fuse with membrane
  5. ACh released into cleft
  6. ACh binds receptor on post-synaptic membrane
  7. Na+ enters muscle
  8. AP continues down sarcolemma
  9. ACh removed from cleft
A

Activities at the synapse

37
Q
  1. AP enters muscle through t-tubules
  2. Ca2+ is released when “triad” region depolarizes
  3. Ca2+ binds troponin
  4. Troponin removes tropomyosin from “active site”
  5. Myosin strongly binds the active site
  6. Muscular contraction begins
A

Excitation-Contraction sequence

38
Q
  1. ACh released from vesicles in terminal axon
  2. Action potential depolarizes t-tubules
  3. Depolarization causes Ca2+
    to be released from SR
  4. Ca2+
    binds to
    troponin-
    a) tropomyosin moves exposing the binding sites
    b) Myosin heads bind with actin
  5. Myosin heads bind to actin and myosin ATPase releases energy and produces movement
  6. ATP binds to myosin head “breaking”
    crossbridge
    bond
  7. Crossbridge
    activation continues with presence of Ca2+ (maintains open sites on actin)
  8. Lack of AP causes Ca2+ to move back to SR (terminal cisternae)
  9. Actin & myosin remain in disassociated site in presence of ATP
A

steps to muscle contraction

39
Q

-in a stretched muscle, there are less cross-bridge formations due to less overlap of the contractile filaments
-refers to optimizing cross-bridging
-length of muscle affects cross-bridging

A

length-tension relationship

40
Q

-does not require oxygen
-phosphagen system
-glycolysis
-i.e. kicking a football

A

anaerobic

41
Q

-requires oxygen
-occurs in mitochondria
-oxidative phosphorylation
-i.e. 10,000m run

A

aerobic

42
Q

fast twitch oxidative glycolytic

A

Type IIa

43
Q

fast twitch glycolytic

A

Type IIx or IIb

44
Q

Slow twitch oxidative

A

Type I

45
Q

-increase in muscle size
-2 types: sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar

A

hypertrophy

46
Q

-result in major adaptations in strength during initial weeks of resistance training
-due to increases in neural activation of muscle and better coordination of muscles involved in movement

A

neural adaptations

47
Q

decrease in fiber size after training is stopped

A

atrophy

48
Q

if stimulus triggers action potential, all fibers in motor unit will contract

A

all or none principle

49
Q

-The orderly recruitment of motor units is due to variations in motor neuron size
-As force increases, motor units with larger neurons are recruited

A

size principle

50
Q

is the principle muscle producing a motion or maintaining a posture

A

agonist

51
Q

muscle must cross a joint to move that joint

A

mover rule

52
Q

produces the opposite effect as the agonist

A

antagonist

53
Q

muscles that assist the agonist and contract at the same time

A

synergist

54
Q

prevent unwanted movement in a joint

A

stabilizers/fixators

55
Q

-detect dynamic and static changes in muscle length
-stretch reflex

A

muscle spindle

56
Q

-monitor tension developed in muscle
-prevents damage during excessive force generation

A

golgi tendon organs

57
Q

attachment to stationary part of the skeleton

A

origin

58
Q

attached to moveable portion of the skeleton

A

insertion

59
Q

muscle fibers aligned parallel to line of pull

A

fusiform

60
Q

muscle fibers arranged at an angle to the line of pull

A

pennate

61
Q

two pinnated muscle fibers aligned in opposite directions and angled to line of pull

A

bipennate

62
Q

fibers fan out from a large origin/insertion to a smaller insertion/origin

A

multipennate

KINS 294 (15 decks)

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