Unit 2: Skeletal System & Joints

Question 1

protects the organs of the head, neck, and trunk

Answer 1

axial skeleton

Question 2

-arms, hands, legs, and feet
-pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle)
-Pelvic girdle

Answer 2

appendicular skeleton

Question 3

-support
-protection
-movement
-blood formation (bone marrow)
-storage of inorganic salts (calcium and phosphate)

Answer 3

functions of skeletal system

Question 4

-long with expanded ends
-functions as levers and framework
-i.e. humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia

Answer 4

long bone

Question 5

-small, cubed-shaped
-i.e. carpals, tarsals, and patella

Answer 5

short bones

Question 6

-plate-like with broad surfaces
-provide protection, muscle attachments
-i.e. skull, scapula, sternum/ribs

Answer 6

flat bone

Question 7

-various shapes
-connected to other bones
-i.e. vertebrae and skull bones

Answer 7

irregular bones

Question 8

-prominent projections of a bone
-divided into articulation for non-articulating

Answer 8

processes

Question 9

where two bones meet

Answer 9

articulation

Question 10

rounded projection supported by a neck

Answer 10

head

Question 11

large, knuckle-like surface

Answer 11

condyle

Question 12

smooth, flat articular surface

Answer 12

facet

Question 13

-smaller projection above condyle
-usually attachment site for muscles and ligaments

Answer 13

epicondyle

Question 14

blunt projection only on the femur

Answer 14

trochanter

Question 15

small knob-like, rounded process

Answer 15

tubercle

Question 16

a long, pointed projection

Answer 16

styloid process

Question 17

broad, rounded, roughened process

Answer 17

tuberosity

Question 18

prominent border or ridge

Answer 18

crest

Question 19

less prominent ridge than a crest

Answer 19

line

Question 20

sharp, slender process

Answer 20

spine

Question 21

generic term for any projection

Answer 21

process

Question 22

primarily where blood vessels and nerves pass into or through the bone

Answer 22

openings

Question 23

narrow slit-like openings between parts of bones

Answer 23

fissures

Question 24

hole

Answer 24

foramen

Question 25

tube-like passageway

Answer 25

canal

Question 26

canal-like

Answer 26

meatus

Question 27

air-filled cavity within a bone

Answer 27

sinus

Question 28

-on surface of bones -provide for the passage of blood vessels and other soft tissue

Answer 28

depressions

Question 29

pit-like landmark

Answer 29

fovea

Question 30

a furrow-like opening or groove

Answer 30

sulcus

Question 31

basin-like depression

Answer 31

fossa

Question 32

often a "C" or "U" shaped depression

Answer 32

notch

Question 33

-bind parts of the skeleton together -make bone growth possible -enable the body to move through muscle contraction

Answer 33

function of joints

Question 34

joints without movement

Answer 34

fibrous (synarthrosis)

Question 35

slightly moveable joints

Answer 35

cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis)

Question 36

relatively free movement in 1,2, or 3 planes (6 subtypes)

Answer 36

synovial (diarthrosis)

Question 37

-free moving bones with the articular surface covered with articular cartilage -joint capsules filled with synovial fluid -synovial membrane that lines the capsule -ligamentous support -bursae may be present

Answer 37

characteristics of all synovial joints

Question 38

-sliding joint, no axis of movement -articulating surfaces are flattened -i.e. intercarpal, facets of vertebrae

Answer 38

gliding, plane, or irregular joints

Question 39

-bending in one plane -articulating surfaces: 1 concave and 1 convex -i.e. elbow, fingers, toes

Answer 39

hinge joints

Question 40

-rotation in 1 plane -articulating surfaces: 1 rounded and 1 depressed -i.e. radial-ulnar joint, joint between C1 and C2 in neck

Answer 40

pivot joints

Question 41

-movement in 2 planes -articulating surfaces: 1 concave and 1 convex -i.e. knuckle (metacarpophalangeal), wrist (radoiocarpal), knee (tibiofemoral)

Answer 41

condyloid (elipsoidal) joint

Question 42

-movement in 3 planes and rotation -articulating surfaces: 1 rounded and 1 cup-like cavity -i.e. shoulder, hip

Answer 42

ball and socket joints

Question 43

-movement in 2 planes -articulating surfaces: 1 concave in one direction, 1 convex in another direction -i.e. thumb (trapeziometacarpal)

Answer 43

saddle joints

Question 44

-expanded ends -spongy bone -covered by articular cartilage -provides smooth movement between bone -protects against wear and tear

Answer 44

epiphysis

Question 45

-compact bone -hollow center contains bone marrow

Answer 45

diaphysis

Question 46

Answer 46

epiphyseal growth plates

Question 47

-center of the diaphysis -endosteum lines this -bone marrow

Answer 47

medullary canal

Question 48

-vascular, fibrous tissue covering outside of bone -covers all bone except the epiphysis

Answer 48

periosteum

Question 49

-vitamin A, C, D, and calcium -growth hormone in the pituitary -exercise -sex hormones

Answer 49

factors that affect bone growth

Question 50

develop from masses of hyaline cartilage shaped like future bony structures

Answer 50

endochondral bones

Question 51

make bone by depositing intercellular material around themselves

Answer 51

osteoblasts

Question 52

-mature osteoblasts -surrounded by matrix and no longer able to divide

Answer 52

osteocytes

Question 53

-eat away at the calcified matrix -macrophage important in remodeling and growth -originates in bone marrow

Answer 53

osteoclasts

Question 54

-adjust strength to the amount of stress -rearrange shape for proper mechanical support -old bone becomes weak and brittle

Answer 54

Wolff's law

Question 55

-unbalanced resorption/deposition of bone -loss of bone mass and mineral content

Answer 55

osteoporosis