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ap psychology > unit 2 part 1 (9-13) > Flashcards

unit 2 part 1 (9-13) Flashcards

1
Q

neuron

A

nerve cells

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2
Q

cell body

A

part of neuron that contains nucleus

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3
Q

dendrites

A

extensions of cell body, receives and integrates messages

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4
Q

axon

A

neuron extension; passes messages through branches to other neurons or muscles

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5
Q

myelin sheath

A

fatty tissue encasing axons to speed up impulses

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6
Q

glial cells / glia

A

cells in ns that protect neurons. learning, thinking, memory

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7
Q

action potential

A

brief electrical charge that travels down axon

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8
Q

threshold

A

minimum stim required to trigger neural impulse

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9
Q

refactory period

A

brief resting pause after a neuron is fired

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10
Q

all or none response

A

neuron reaction of firing or not firing

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11
Q

synapse

A

space between axon tip of sending neuron and dendrite/cell body of receiving neuron

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12
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that cross synaptic gap brtween neurons

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13
Q

reuptake

A

neurotransmitter reabsorption by sending neuron

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14
Q

endorphins

A

natural painkillers

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15
Q

agonist

A

increase neurotransmitter action

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16
Q

antagonist

A

decrease neurotransmitter action

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17
Q

nervous system

A

bodys fast communication network; all of the nerve cells of central and peripheral nervous systems

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18
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

sensory and motor neurons connecting cns to body

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20
Q

nerves

A

bundled axons connecting cns to muscles, glands, organs

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21
Q

sensory/afferent neurons

A

carry info from tissue to brain and spinal cord

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22
Q

motor/efferent neurons

A

carry outgoing info from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands

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23
Q

interneurons

A

neurons within brain and spinal cord

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24
Q

somatic nervous system

A

PNS; voluntary control of skeletal muscles

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25
autonomic nervous system
PNS; controls muscle glands and internal organs
26
sympathetic ns
gives energy; arouses (fight or flight)
27
parasympathetic ns
calms, conserves energy
28
reflex
automatic response to stimuli; spinal cord
29
endocrine system
set of glands that secrete hormones into bloodstream
30
hormones
chemical messengers that travel via bloodstream; endocrine glands
31
adrenal glands
secrete hormones (epinephrine) that help arouse body in times of dress
32
pituitary gland
regulates growth of+controls endocrine glands
33
lesion
destroyed tissue
34
eeg
recording of waves of electrical activity sweeping brain surface. measured via electrodes on scalp
35
meg
measures magnetic fields from brains natural electrical activity.
36
ct / cat
series of xray photos taken from diff angles and combined by computer to represent slice of brain structure
37
pet
displays brain activity via radioactive glucose, shows where it goes when brain is performing a task
38
mri
uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer generated images of soft tissue. scans show brain anatomy
39
fmri
reveals brain functioning + structure. reveals bloodflow
40
brainstem
oldest+central core of brain. automatic survival functions
41
medulla
base of brainsteam; heartbeat+breathing
42
thalamus
receives and transmits sensory info except smell to cerebellum and medulla
43
reticular formation
relays info, controls arousal, sleep/wake cycle, filters incoming stimuli
44
cerebellum
voluntary movement, balance, coordination, nonverbal learning, skill memory
45
limbic system
neural system (amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus); emotion+drives
46
amygdala
emotion; fear and agression
47
hypothalamus
manages body temp, hunger, thirst, mood, blood pressure, sleep
48
hippocampus
processes concious memories, stores explicit memories of facts/events
49
cerebral cortex
perception, language, memory, thinking, problem solving
50
frontal lobes
speech, muscle movement, jdement, planning, problem solving, personality, social filter, emotional expressions
51
parietal lobes
receives sensory input for touch and body position. spatial reasoning
52
occipital lobes
sight
53
temporal lobes
hearing
54
motor cortex
voluntary movement
55
somatosensory cortex
processes body touch and movement sensations
56
association areas
areas of cerebral cortex not involved in primary motor or sensory functions. higher mental functions; memory, thinking, speaking
57
plasticity
brains ability to change by reorganizing after damage
58
neurogenesis
formation of new neurons
59
corpus callosum
fibers between brain halves
60
split brain
surgery isolating brain halves
61
conciousness
subjective awareness
62
dual processing
info is processed simultaneously on separate conscious/unconscious tracks
63
blindsight
responding to visual stimuli without consciously experiencing it
64
parallel processing
processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; natural mode of brain
65
sequential processing
processing one aspect of a problem at a time; used for new info
66
thyroxine
- hormone - metabolism (thyroid) - too much: hyperthyroidism, weight loss - too little: hypothyroidism, weight gain
67
epinepherine
- hormone - adrenaline (fight or flight) - too much: high blood pressure, anxiety - too little: depression, headaches
68
estrogen
- hormone - female sexual characteristics - too much: heavy periods, bloating, breast tenderness (men: breast growth, poor libido) - too little: low libido, hot flashes
69
insulin
- hormone - moves glucose from blood to cells to make energy - too much: too much sugar absorbed - too little: not enough sugar; feel faint
70
testosterone
- hormone - male sexual characteristics - too much: aggression, mood swings, weight gain (fem: +irregular periods, infertility) - too little: low libido, depression, erectile dysfunction
71
endorphin
- excitatory neurotransmitter - painkiller
72
glutamate
- excitatory neurotransmitter - cns stimulant - too much: overstimulates brain; migranes or seizures
73
dopamine
- excitatory neurotransmitter - mood, muscle coordination, reward pathway - too much: schizophrenia - too little: parkinsons
74
acetylcholine
- excitatory neurotransmitter - muscle memory - too little: alzheimers
75
gaba(pentin)
- inhibitory neurotransmitter - calms
76
serotonin
- excitatory neurotransmitter - mood, sleep - too little: depression

ap psychology (15 decks)

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