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ap psychology > unit 2 part 1 (9-13) > Flashcards

unit 2 part 1 (9-13) Flashcards

1
Q

neuron

A

nerve cells

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2
Q

cell body

A

part of neuron that contains nucleus

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3
Q

dendrites

A

extensions of cell body, receives and integrates messages

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4
Q

axon

A

neuron extension; passes messages through branches to other neurons or muscles

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5
Q

myelin sheath

A

fatty tissue encasing axons to speed up impulses

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6
Q

glial cells / glia

A

cells in ns that protect neurons. learning, thinking, memory

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7
Q

action potential

A

brief electrical charge that travels down axon

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8
Q

threshold

A

minimum stim required to trigger neural impulse

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9
Q

refactory period

A

brief resting pause after a neuron is fired

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10
Q

all or none response

A

neuron reaction of firing or not firing

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11
Q

synapse

A

space between axon tip of sending neuron and dendrite/cell body of receiving neuron

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12
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that cross synaptic gap brtween neurons

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13
Q

reuptake

A

neurotransmitter reabsorption by sending neuron

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14
Q

endorphins

A

natural painkillers

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15
Q

agonist

A

increase neurotransmitter action

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16
Q

antagonist

A

decrease neurotransmitter action

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17
Q

nervous system

A

bodys fast communication network; all of the nerve cells of central and peripheral nervous systems

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18
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

sensory and motor neurons connecting cns to body

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20
Q

nerves

A

bundled axons connecting cns to muscles, glands, organs

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21
Q

sensory/afferent neurons

A

carry info from tissue to brain and spinal cord

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22
Q

motor/efferent neurons

A

carry outgoing info from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands

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23
Q

interneurons

A

neurons within brain and spinal cord

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24
Q

somatic nervous system

A

PNS; voluntary control of skeletal muscles

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25
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

PNS; controls muscle glands and internal organs

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26
Q

sympathetic ns

A

gives energy; arouses (fight or flight)

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27
Q

parasympathetic ns

A

calms, conserves energy

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28
Q

reflex

A

automatic response to stimuli; spinal cord

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29
Q

endocrine system

A

set of glands that secrete hormones into bloodstream

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30
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers that travel via bloodstream; endocrine glands

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31
Q

adrenal glands

A

secrete hormones (epinephrine) that help arouse body in times of dress

32
Q

pituitary gland

A

regulates growth of+controls endocrine glands

33
Q

lesion

A

destroyed tissue

34
Q

eeg

A

recording of waves of electrical activity sweeping brain surface. measured via electrodes on scalp

35
Q

meg

A

measures magnetic fields from brains natural electrical activity.

36
Q

ct / cat

A

series of xray photos taken from diff angles and combined by computer to represent slice of brain structure

37
Q

pet

A

displays brain activity via radioactive glucose, shows where it goes when brain is performing a task

38
Q

mri

A

uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer generated images of soft tissue. scans show brain anatomy

39
Q

fmri

A

reveals brain functioning + structure. reveals bloodflow

40
Q

brainstem

A

oldest+central core of brain. automatic survival functions

41
Q

medulla

A

base of brainsteam; heartbeat+breathing

42
Q

thalamus

A

receives and transmits sensory info except smell to cerebellum and medulla

43
Q

reticular formation

A

relays info, controls arousal, sleep/wake cycle, filters incoming stimuli

44
Q

cerebellum

A

voluntary movement, balance, coordination, nonverbal learning, skill memory

45
Q

limbic system

A

neural system (amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus); emotion+drives

46
Q

amygdala

A

emotion; fear and agression

47
Q

hypothalamus

A

manages body temp, hunger, thirst, mood, blood pressure, sleep

48
Q

hippocampus

A

processes concious memories, stores explicit memories of facts/events

49
Q

cerebral cortex

A

perception, language, memory, thinking, problem solving

50
Q

frontal lobes

A

speech, muscle movement, jdement, planning, problem solving, personality, social filter, emotional expressions

51
Q

parietal lobes

A

receives sensory input for touch and body position. spatial reasoning

52
Q

occipital lobes

A

sight

53
Q

temporal lobes

A

hearing

54
Q

motor cortex

A

voluntary movement

55
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

processes body touch and movement sensations

56
Q

association areas

A

areas of cerebral cortex not involved in primary motor or sensory functions. higher mental functions; memory, thinking, speaking

57
Q

plasticity

A

brains ability to change by reorganizing after damage

58
Q

neurogenesis

A

formation of new neurons

59
Q

corpus callosum

A

fibers between brain halves

60
Q

split brain

A

surgery isolating brain halves

61
Q

conciousness

A

subjective awareness

62
Q

dual processing

A

info is processed simultaneously on separate conscious/unconscious tracks

63
Q

blindsight

A

responding to visual stimuli without consciously experiencing it

64
Q

parallel processing

A

processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; natural mode of brain

65
Q

sequential processing

A

processing one aspect of a problem at a time; used for new info

66
Q

thyroxine

A
  • hormone
  • metabolism (thyroid)
  • too much: hyperthyroidism, weight loss
  • too little: hypothyroidism, weight gain
67
Q

epinepherine

A
  • hormone
  • adrenaline (fight or flight)
  • too much: high blood pressure, anxiety
  • too little: depression, headaches
68
Q

estrogen

A
  • hormone
  • female sexual characteristics
  • too much: heavy periods, bloating, breast tenderness (men: breast growth, poor libido)
  • too little: low libido, hot flashes
69
Q

insulin

A
  • hormone
  • moves glucose from blood to cells to make energy
  • too much: too much sugar absorbed
  • too little: not enough sugar; feel faint
70
Q

testosterone

A
  • hormone
  • male sexual characteristics
  • too much: aggression, mood swings, weight gain (fem: +irregular periods, infertility)
  • too little: low libido, depression, erectile dysfunction
71
Q

endorphin

A
  • excitatory neurotransmitter
  • painkiller
72
Q

glutamate

A
  • excitatory neurotransmitter
  • cns stimulant
  • too much: overstimulates brain; migranes or seizures
73
Q

dopamine

A
  • excitatory neurotransmitter
  • mood, muscle coordination, reward pathway
  • too much: schizophrenia
  • too little: parkinsons
74
Q

acetylcholine

A
  • excitatory neurotransmitter
  • muscle memory
  • too little: alzheimers
75
Q

gaba(pentin)

A
  • inhibitory neurotransmitter
  • calms
76
Q

serotonin

A
  • excitatory neurotransmitter
  • mood, sleep
  • too little: depression

ap psychology (15 decks)

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