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ap psychology > unit 6 (42-51) > Flashcards

unit 6 (42-51) Flashcards

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1
Q

developmental psychology

A

studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout lifespan

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2
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg. 2 week period of rapid cell divison, then develops into embryo

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3
Q

embryo

A

2 weeks after fertilization through 2nd month

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4
Q

fetus

A

9 weeks after conception to birth

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5
Q

teratogens

A

chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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6
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

physical and cogntiive abnormalities in children caused by heavy drinking. small head, abnormal facial features.

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7
Q

habituation

A

decreased responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus

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8
Q

maturation

A

orderly sequence of biological growth. uninfluenced by experience.

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9
Q

cognition

A

all mental activities associated w/ thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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10
Q

schema

A

concept/framework that organizes and interprets information.

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11
Q

assimiliation

A

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

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12
Q

accommodation

A

adapting our current understanding to incorporate new information

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13
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

birth to age 2. babies take in the world through sensory and motor activities

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14
Q

object permanence

A

awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived (0-6 months)

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15
Q

preoperational stage

A

age 6-7. able to represent things with words and images but cant perform mental operations (ex: imagining an action and mentally reversing it)

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16
Q

conservation

A

principle that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape (age 0-6)

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17
Q

egocentrism

A

preoperational childs difficulty taking anothers point of view

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18
Q

theory of mind

A

peoples ideas about their own and others mental states (feelings, perceptions, thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict)

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19
Q

concrete operational stage

A

age 7-11. cognitive stage where children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.

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20
Q

formal operational stage

A

begins age 12. cognitive development stage where people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.

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21
Q

scaffold

A

framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking (ex: telling a child no when pulling their hand away from a hot cup)

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22
Q

autism spectrum disorder

A

disorder that appears in childhood. marked by social deficiencies and repetitive behaviors. (bad communication, rigidly fixed interests)

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23
Q

stranger anxiety

A

fear of strangers that infants commonly display, begins by 8 months of age

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24
Q

attatchment

A

emotional tie with another person, shown in young children to their caregiver and showing distress on seperation

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25
critical period
optimal period in life when certain events must take place to facilitate proper development
26
imprinting
process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life
27
strange situation
mary ainsworth -- procedure for studying child-caregiver attatchment: - child is placed in an unfamiliar enviornment while their caregiver leaves and then returns, childs reactions are observed
28
secure attachment
demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments with their caregiver present, show only tempoary distress when caregiver leaves, and find comfort in caregivers return.
29
insecure attachment
demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness. - less likely to explore surroundings - cling to mother - cry loudly + remain upset when caregiver leaves or seem indifferent to departure and return
30
temperament
persons characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
31
basic trust
sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy. formed during infancy
32
self concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in the answer to the question "who am i?"
33
sex
biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male and female
34
gender
socially influenced characteristics by which people define boy, girl, man, woman
35
aggression
any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally
36
relational aggression
act of aggression intended to harm a persons relationship or social standing
37
role
set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
38
gender role
set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits or males or females
39
gender identity
sense of being male, female, or combination
40
social learning theory
bandura -- theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
41
gender typing
acquisition of a traditional masc or fem trait
42
androgyny
display of both traditional masc and fem physiological characteristics
43
transgender
umbrella term: describes people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth designated sex.
44
adolescence
transition from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
45
puberty
period of sexual maturation, where a person becomes capable of reproducing
46
identity
our sense of self - adolescents task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various routes
47
social identity
"we" aspect of our self concept. comes from group membership
48
intimacy
ability to form close, loving relationships
49
x chromosome
sex chromosome in females and males. one x chromosome from each parent. females have 2, males have 1.
50
y chromosome
sex chromosome in males.
51
testosterone
male sex hormone. stimulates growth of male sex organs during fetal period + development during puberty
52
primary sex characteristics
body structures (ovaries, testes, external genitalia for reproduction)
53
secondary sex characteristics
nonreproductive sex traits. fem: breasts, larger hips. masc: deeper voices, facial hair. both: body hair
54
spermarche
first ejaculation
55
mennarche
first period
56
intersex
individuals born with combination of female and male chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy.
57
aids
life threatening std infection caused by HIV. depletes immune system, leaving person vulnerable to infections
58
sexual orientation
sexual attraction, toward members of own sex or other. -- hetero: opposite sex -- homo: same sex -- bi: both sexes
59
menopause
natural cessation of menstruation around age 50. large drop in estrogen
60
cross sectional study
observational study that analyzes data from a population at a single point in time
61
longitudinal study
observational study that analyzes data from a population for a long period of time (usually years)
62
neurocognitive disorders
acquired disorders marked by cognitive deficits often related to: alzheimers, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse
63
alzheimers disease
neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques. progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities.
64
social clock
culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
65
Jean Piaget
child developmental psychologist. theory: 4 stages of cognitive development
66
Lev Vygotsky
social development theory: social interaction has a criticial role in childrens learning-- sociocultural
67
Harry Harlow
rhesus monkey experiment; wire mother, cloth mother. maternal-seperation, dependency needs, social isolation. "fear test"
68
Konrad Lorenz
zoologist, imprinting research.
69
Mary Ainsworth
attachment theory. children need to develop a secure dependence on their parents before seeking unfamiliar situations.
70
Erik Erikson
psychosocial development, identity crisis. 8 stages (trust vs mistrust, industry vs inferiority ETC.)
71
Diana Baumrind
parenting styles research. authoritative, authoritarian, permissive.
72
Carol Gilligan
moral development theory of women. heavily criticized kohlbergs own moral development theory as the research was conducted with only men
73
Albert Bandura
social psychologist. social learning theory, people learn behavior through observation, imitation, and modeling.

ap psychology (15 decks)

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