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ap psychology > unit 6 (42-51) > Flashcards

unit 6 (42-51) Flashcards

1
Q

developmental psychology

A

studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout lifespan

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2
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg. 2 week period of rapid cell divison, then develops into embryo

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3
Q

embryo

A

2 weeks after fertilization through 2nd month

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4
Q

fetus

A

9 weeks after conception to birth

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5
Q

teratogens

A

chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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6
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

physical and cogntiive abnormalities in children caused by heavy drinking. small head, abnormal facial features.

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7
Q

habituation

A

decreased responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus

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8
Q

maturation

A

orderly sequence of biological growth. uninfluenced by experience.

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9
Q

cognition

A

all mental activities associated w/ thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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10
Q

schema

A

concept/framework that organizes and interprets information.

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11
Q

assimiliation

A

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

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12
Q

accommodation

A

adapting our current understanding to incorporate new information

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13
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

birth to age 2. babies take in the world through sensory and motor activities

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14
Q

object permanence

A

awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived (0-6 months)

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15
Q

preoperational stage

A

age 6-7. able to represent things with words and images but cant perform mental operations (ex: imagining an action and mentally reversing it)

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16
Q

conservation

A

principle that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape (age 0-6)

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17
Q

egocentrism

A

preoperational childs difficulty taking anothers point of view

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18
Q

theory of mind

A

peoples ideas about their own and others mental states (feelings, perceptions, thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict)

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19
Q

concrete operational stage

A

age 7-11. cognitive stage where children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.

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20
Q

formal operational stage

A

begins age 12. cognitive development stage where people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.

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21
Q

scaffold

A

framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking (ex: telling a child no when pulling their hand away from a hot cup)

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22
Q

autism spectrum disorder

A

disorder that appears in childhood. marked by social deficiencies and repetitive behaviors. (bad communication, rigidly fixed interests)

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23
Q

stranger anxiety

A

fear of strangers that infants commonly display, begins by 8 months of age

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24
Q

attatchment

A

emotional tie with another person, shown in young children to their caregiver and showing distress on seperation

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25
Q

critical period

A

optimal period in life when certain events must take place to facilitate proper development

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26
Q

imprinting

A

process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life

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27
Q

strange situation

A

mary ainsworth – procedure for studying child-caregiver attatchment:
- child is placed in an unfamiliar enviornment while their caregiver leaves and then returns, childs reactions are observed

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28
Q

secure attachment

A

demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments with their caregiver present, show only tempoary distress when caregiver leaves, and find comfort in caregivers return.

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29
Q

insecure attachment

A

demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness.
- less likely to explore surroundings
- cling to mother
- cry loudly + remain upset when caregiver leaves or seem indifferent to departure and return

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30
Q

temperament

A

persons characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

31
Q

basic trust

A

sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy. formed during infancy

32
Q

self concept

A

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in the answer to the question “who am i?”

33
Q

sex

A

biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male and female

34
Q

gender

A

socially influenced characteristics by which people define boy, girl, man, woman

35
Q

aggression

A

any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

36
Q

relational aggression

A

act of aggression intended to harm a persons relationship or social standing

37
Q

role

A

set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

38
Q

gender role

A

set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits or males or females

39
Q

gender identity

A

sense of being male, female, or combination

40
Q

social learning theory

A

bandura – theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

41
Q

gender typing

A

acquisition of a traditional masc or fem trait

42
Q

androgyny

A

display of both traditional masc and fem physiological characteristics

43
Q

transgender

A

umbrella term: describes people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth designated sex.

44
Q

adolescence

A

transition from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

45
Q

puberty

A

period of sexual maturation, where a person becomes capable of reproducing

46
Q

identity

A

our sense of self
- adolescents task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various routes

47
Q

social identity

A

“we” aspect of our self concept. comes from group membership

48
Q

intimacy

A

ability to form close, loving relationships

49
Q

x chromosome

A

sex chromosome in females and males. one x chromosome from each parent. females have 2, males have 1.

50
Q

y chromosome

A

sex chromosome in males.

51
Q

testosterone

A

male sex hormone. stimulates growth of male sex organs during fetal period + development during puberty

52
Q

primary sex characteristics

A

body structures (ovaries, testes, external genitalia for reproduction)

53
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

nonreproductive sex traits. fem: breasts, larger hips. masc: deeper voices, facial hair. both: body hair

54
Q

spermarche

A

first ejaculation

55
Q

mennarche

A

first period

56
Q

intersex

A

individuals born with combination of female and male chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy.

57
Q

aids

A

life threatening std infection caused by HIV. depletes immune system, leaving person vulnerable to infections

58
Q

sexual orientation

A

sexual attraction, toward members of own sex or other.
– hetero: opposite sex
– homo: same sex
– bi: both sexes

59
Q

menopause

A

natural cessation of menstruation around age 50. large drop in estrogen

60
Q

cross sectional study

A

observational study that analyzes data from a population at a single point in time

61
Q

longitudinal study

A

observational study that analyzes data from a population for a long period of time (usually years)

62
Q

neurocognitive disorders

A

acquired disorders marked by cognitive deficits
often related to: alzheimers, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse

63
Q

alzheimers disease

A

neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques. progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities.

64
Q

social clock

A

culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

65
Q

Jean Piaget

A

child developmental psychologist.
theory: 4 stages of cognitive development

66
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

social development theory: social interaction has a criticial role in childrens learning– sociocultural

67
Q

Harry Harlow

A

rhesus monkey experiment; wire mother, cloth mother. maternal-seperation, dependency needs, social isolation. “fear test”

68
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A

zoologist, imprinting research.

69
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

attachment theory. children need to develop a secure dependence on their parents before seeking unfamiliar situations.

70
Q

Erik Erikson

A

psychosocial development, identity crisis. 8 stages (trust vs mistrust, industry vs inferiority ETC.)

71
Q

Diana Baumrind

A

parenting styles research. authoritative, authoritarian, permissive.

72
Q

Carol Gilligan

A

moral development theory of women. heavily criticized kohlbergs own moral development theory as the research was conducted with only men

73
Q

Albert Bandura

A

social psychologist. social learning theory, people learn behavior through observation, imitation, and modeling.

ap psychology (15 decks)

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