unit 4 (26-30)

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

process of acquiring new info via experience

Question 2

habituation

Answer 2

decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure to a behavior

Question 3

associative learning

Answer 3

learning that 2 events occur together (classical conditioning, operant conditioning)

Question 4

stimulus

Answer 4

event or situation that evokes a response

Question 5

respondent behavior

Answer 5

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Question 6

operant behavior

Answer 6

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

Question 7

cognitive learning

Answer 7

gaining of mental info by observing

Question 8

classical conditioning

Answer 8

type of learning where we link 2+ stimuli

Question 9

behaviorism

Answer 9

watson; view that psychology should focus on objective behavior

Question 10

neutral stimulus

Answer 10

stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Question 11

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 11

stimulus that naturally triggers an unconditioned response

Question 12

unconditioned response

Answer 12

unlearned, naturally occurring response (saliva) to a US (food in mouth)

Question 13

conditioned response

Answer 13

learned response to previously neutral stimulus

Question 14

conditioned stimulus

Answer 14

originally neutral stimulus that now triggers a conditioned response

Question 15

acquisition

Answer 15

(CC) initial stage of learning, (OC) strengthening of reinforced response

Question 16

higher-order conditioning

Answer 16

a new NS can become a new CS without the precense of a US. it just needs to be associated with a previously CS.

Question 17

extinction

Answer 17

diminishing of a conditioned responser

Question 18

spontaneous recovery

Answer 18

reappearance of a conditioned response after a pause

Question 19

generalization

Answer 19

tendency to respond to stimuli similar to CS

Question 20

discrimination

Answer 20

ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli

Question 21

operant conditioning

Answer 21

type of learning where a behavior becomes more likely to occur if followed by a reinforcer, less likely to occur if followed by a punisher

Question 22

law of effect

Answer 22

rewarded behavior tends to keep happening

Question 23

operant chamber

Answer 23

chamber containing bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforcer

Question 24

reinforcement

Answer 24

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Question 25

shaping

Answer 25

procedure where reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of desired behavior

Question 26

discriminative stimulus

Answer 26

stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement

Question 27

positive reinforcement

Answer 27

presents pleasurable stimulus after a response; continues behavior (ex: pay someone to get work done)

Question 28

negative reinforcement

Answer 28

removes something negative; continues behavior (ex: taking painkillers to end pain)

Question 29

primary reinforcer

Answer 29

reinforcing stimulus; like one that satisfies a biological need

Question 30

conditioned reinforcer

Answer 30

stimulus that gains power via association with primary reinforcer. secondary reinforcer

Question 31

reinforcement schedule

Answer 31

pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

Question 32

continuous reinforcement schedule

Answer 32

reinforcing desired response every time it occurs

Question 33

partial reinforcement schedule

Answer 33

reinforcing a response only part of the time; slower acquisition

Question 34

fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 34

reinforces after a set number of responses

Question 35

variable-ratio schedule

Answer 35

reinforces response after unpredictable number of responses

Question 36

fixed-interval schedule

Answer 36

reinforces response after specific time period

Question 37

variable-interval schedule

Answer 37

reinforces response at unpredictable time intervals

Question 38

punishment

Answer 38

decreases behavior

Question 39

biofeedback

Answer 39

system for electronically feeding back info regarding a subtle physiological state. ex: blood pressure

Question 40

preparedness

Answer 40

biological predisposition to learn associations like taste and nausea; survival value

Question 41

instinctive drift

Answer 41

tendency of learned behavior to revert to biologically predisposed patternsap

Question 42

cognitive map

Answer 42

mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment

Question 43

latent learning

Answer 43

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is incentive to demonstrate it

Question 44

insight

Answer 44

sudden realization of a problems solution

Question 45

intristic motivation

Answer 45

desire to perform behavior effectively for ones own sake

Question 46

extrinsic motivation

Answer 46

desire to perform behavior to receive reward or avoid punishment

Question 47

problem-focused coping

Answer 47

attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing stressor

Question 48

emotion-focused coping

Answer 48

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor. attending to emotional needs related to stress reaction

Question 49

personal control

Answer 49

sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless

Question 50

learned helplessness

Answer 50

hopelessness and passive resignation a person learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Question 51

external locus of control

Answer 51

perception that outside forces beyond control determine fate

Question 52

self-control

Answer 52

ability to control impulses and delay short term gratification for greater long term rewards

Question 53

observational learning

Answer 53

learning by observing others

Question 54

modeling

Answer 54

observing and imitating a specific behavior

Question 55

mirror neurons

Answer 55

frontal lobe neurons that fire when we perform certain acts / observe others doing so

Question 56

prosocial behavior

Answer 56

positive, helpful behavior

Question 57

positive punishment

Answer 57

administer bad stimulus (spray water on misbehaving dog)

Question 58

negative punishment

Answer 58

remove rewarding stimulus (taking away kids phone)

Question 59

internal locust of control

Answer 59

perception that we control our own fate